NCERT

In Newton's Law of Gravitation, G (Universal Gravitational Constant) has a fixed value as it is a fundamental constant which is:

G determines the strength of gravitational interactions and it remains the same everywhere in the universe. It plays a significant role in cosmology and astrophysics and it is important in calculating the forces between celestial bodies. Due to the gravitational pull of a massive body like Earth, 'g' (Acceleration due to Gravity) is the acceleration which the object experiences. The value of g changes based on the planetary composition, latitude, and altitude. G is universal and g is dependent on the location. This relation can be understood by the following formula:

M represents the mass of the planet, and R is the radius. The concept and its differences help in fields such as space exploration where astronauts experience microgravity in orbit even though the gravitational forces are present.

Students can access the Class 12 Chemistry Aldehyde Ketone and Carboxylic Acids NCERT Solutions for all chapters in our pages. We also provide PDF of NCERT Solutions of all chapter for free. Students can use following steps to download Aldehyde Ketone and Carboxylic Acids NCERT Solution PDF;

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Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 8 Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids consists important topics such as the structure, nomenclature, preparation, and chemical properties of these important organic compounds. Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 8 covers key reactions like nucleophilic addition, oxidation, reduction, aldol condensation, and Cannizzaro reaction. The acidic nature and reactivity of carboxylic acids are also discussed in NCERT Chemistry Chapter 8 Aldehydes, Ketones, and Carboxylic Acids. These compounds have vast applications in medicines, perfumes, food preservatives, and industrial solvents.

To help understand the topic, we have provided NCERT Solutions for Class 12 chapter 8 on our website. Students can get to know about important topics, reactions and solutions on the same page. 

It is due to a concept taken from Newton's Law of Gravitation. It says that each mass element of the shell puts an attractive force on a particle inside but due to the fact that the shape of the shell is symmetrical, these forces cancel out in every direction.
To prove it mathematically, one can use Gauss's Law for Gravitation. It states that inside a uniformly distributed spherical shell, the net gravitational field is zero. It differs from electrostatics, which states that a conducting shell blocks or stops the external electric fields. The shielding concept is not part of gravitation where the external bodies exert a gravitational force on an object inside the shell. It is the fundamental property of astrophysics and helps in understanding why the gravitational field inside a star or planet depends only on the mass enclosed within a given radius.

Gravitational Potential Energy (U) is the energy an object has due to its position in a gravitational field. It is defined as:

Where M represents the mass of the larger body, m is the mass of the smaller body, r is the distance between them, and G stands for the gravitational constant.
G is written with a negative sign to show that the gravitational potential energy is always lower than zero and the values even decrease as the objects move apart from each other. It implies that to separate two masses, work should be done against the gravity. At infinity, U = 0, implying that no external force is required to keep them apart. When two objects are closer, potential energy is more negative which implies a stronger gravitational attraction. The concept is very important in fields such as orbital mechanics and astrophysics.

According to Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation, each object in the universe attracts every other object with a force that depends on the distance between them and their masses. This force is mathematically given by the following formula:

Here, F is the gravitational force, G is the gravitational constant and m? and m? refers to the masses of the objects, and r represents the distance between them.

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation explains the behaviour of tides due to the Moon's gravity, planetary motion, and even how satellites orbit the Earth. This law is widely used in space research and astrophysics to find out the masses of the celestial bodies and how they interact with each other. It is accurate in most cases but for extreme gravitational fields, instead of Newton's law, Einstein's General Theory of Relativity is more useful.