Chemistry

Hydrated halides of group 2 from Ca onwards undergo dehydration on heating. But the hydrated halide of Mg, i.e., MgCl? ·8H? O, does not undergo dehydration on heating but undergoes hydrolysis.
BeO is amphoteric, while other oxides of group 2 are basic in nature.

R-CONH? + Br? + 4NaOH → R-NH? + 2NaBr + Na? CO? + 2H? O
This reaction is the Hoffmann bromamide degradation, in which an amide is converted to a 1° amine.

Oxidation States (O.S) of Phosphorus (P):

• Hypophosphorous acid – H? PO? : +1
• Orthophosphoric acid – H? PO? : +5
• Hypophosphoric acid – H? P? O? : +4
• Orthophosphorous acid – H? PO? : +3

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Formation of photochemical smog, which is also known as oxidizing smog, takes place in the presence of sunlight and O?

Purification of a compound is independent of the physical state of the pure compound in chromatography techniques.

H? O has a tetrahedral geometry and a bent shape with a bond angle of 104.5°, which is smaller than 109.5°. This is because of the presence of two lone pairs in H? O.

Partially deactivated palladised charcoal is Lindlar's reagent.

Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in our body for a relatively longer duration as compared to water-soluble vitamins.

• Vitamin B and C are water-soluble. (Thiamine is vitamin B1, while ascorbic acid is vitamin C).
• Vitamin A and vitamin D are fat-soluble, so they are stored in our body for a relatively longer duration.

The E° value for Ce? /Ce³? is +1.74 V, which suggests that Ce? is a strong oxidant, reverting to its common +3 oxidation state. So, Ce³? is more stable than Ce?