Chemistry

o   Chlorophyll: Magnesium present in chlorophyll.

o   Vitamin B? : Cobalt (cyanocobalamin).

o   Anticancer drug: Platinum (Coordination compound of platinum).

o   Grubbs catalyst: Ruthenium.

The addition of HBr to H? C−CH? −CH=CH? proceeds via carbocation formation.

Formation of a 1° Carbocation (A): H? C−CH?

Formation of a 2° Carbocation (B): H? C−CH? −C? H−CH?

The 2° carbocation (B) is more stable than the 1° carbocation (A). Therefore, the activation energy (Ea) for the formation of B is lower, and B is formed faster.

o   Alcoholic potassium hydroxide (Alc KOH):- used for β - elimination.

o   Pd / BaSO? : - Lindlar's Catalyst.

A diagonal relationship is observed in the periodic table between elements of period (2) and period (3).

Li and Mg

Be and Al

B and Si

Li and Na do not show a diagonal relationship.

When we add cryolite (Na? AlF? ) in the extraction of aluminium, the melting point of alumina decreases

For the coagulation of a negative sol, the species Ba²? has the highest flocculating power (referring to the Hardy-Schulze rule, where higher charge leads to greater coagulation power).

Functional group isomers

Quantum Numbers and Orbitals:

o   Total Node = n - 1 (l => Azimuthal Q.N)

o   Radial Node = n - l - 1

o   Angular Node: l

o   If Angular node = 0, then l = 0, i.e., S orbital.

o   If Radial nodes = 2, then n - l - 1 = 2.

o   Substituting l = 0 gives n - 0 - 1 = 2, so n = 3.

o   Therefore, the orbital is 3s.

Haematite: Fe? O?

Bauxite: Al? O? ·xH? O

Magnetite: Fe? O?

Malachite: CuCO? ·Cu (OH)?