Chemistry

Ellingham diagram provides information on Gibb's free energy for formation of oxides as a function of temperature.

Industries manily select an optimal temperature which is high enough to increase the reaction rate (molecules colliding with each other at higher fequencies) and at the same time is balanced to avoid any side effect. This effectively yields high quality production without any wastage or leading to harmful results while ensuring safety of the consumers too.

Gd: [Xe]4f?5d¹6s²
∴ Gd³? is [Xe]4f?
Also μ = √n (n + 2) B.M
= √7x9 B.M = 7.9 B.M

B is the most acidic as it is active methylene group. D is least acidic due to crossconjugation in conjugate base.
∴ Option 3 follows

ΔR? = (a? /3) (16 – 9)
ΔR? = (a? /2) (16 – 9)
∴ ΔR? /ΔR? = 2/3

Excess of nitrogen and phosphorus is primarily responsible for eutrophication and hence an indicator of polluted environment.

Esters are susceptible to reaction in basic medium.

In endothermic reaction formation of reactants is favoured upon decrease in temperature. Addition of inert gas at constant volume and temperature has no effect on equilibrium.