Chemistry

Due to the larger size of the Cl-atom, the addition of an electron in the outermost orbit produces less electronic repulsion with respect to the F-atom. The following are the electron gain enthalpies in (KJ) of halogens:
F → -328, Cl → -349, Br → -325, I → -295

A central atom having two lone pairs and three bond pairs reflects sp³d hybridization and a corresponding T-shaped geometry.

This describes a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction. Aryl halides are very less reactive toward this reaction, so the reaction takes place at a high temperature, i.e., 623K, and high pressure of 300 atm.

As you know, electrovalent bonds result very strong electrostatic attraction force. All the factors that help maximize this electrostatic attraction are important for the formation of the ionic bond. Here are the important factors;

• Low ionization energy Metal
• High electron affinity Non Metal
• Large-sized cations
• Small-sized anions
• Electronegativity equal to or greater than 1.7

Covalent and electrovalent bonding are the two major chemical bonding processes. These two bonds are different from each other in multiple aspects. Check the table below to know a concise summary of the differences.