Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

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The alkane C₅H₁₂ is a hydrocarbon with a molecular mass of 72gmol^?1. On photo-chlorination, the tert-isomer of pentane yields a single monochloro derivative and two dichloro derivatives. The following is the structure of the alkane and its chloride derivatives.

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The IUPAC name for this compound is 1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane

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Because both methyl groups and chlorine atoms are symmetrically positioned at para-positions in compound (II), these molecules fit better in the crystal lattice than other isomers, and hence have the greatest melting point.

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The addition reaction of the alkene produces two products, as indicated below.

CH₃−CH₂−CH=CH−CH₃ + HCl→ A + B

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When an arene is treated with Cl₂ in the presence of FeCl₃, the electrophilic addition reaction chlorinates the arene to produce aryl chloride. As a result, the chemical provided is C₆H₅-CH₃, often known as toluene. o-chlorotoluene and p-chlorotoluene are the results of electrophilic substitution chlorination.

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(i) 1-Bromobut-2-ene: It is a primary halide.

(ii) 4-Bromopent-2-ene: Here Bromine is attached to the secondary carbon. Hence, it is a secondary halide.

(iii) 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane: Here Bromine is attached to the tertiary carbon. Hence, it is a tertiary halide.

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Because electron density is higher at ortho and para locations, the functional groups contained in these compounds are ortho-para directed.

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Because energy is required to overcome the attractions between the haloalkane molecules as well as to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules in order to dissolve a haloalkane in water, haloalkanes are only weakly soluble in water. New attractions between the haloalkane and the water molecules, on the other hand, release less energy since they are weaker than the water's initial hydrogen bonds.

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This addition reaction is carried out in accordance with Markovnikoff's rule, which states that in a double bond, the hydrogen from the hydrogen halide is added to the carbon atom with the most hydrogen atoms attached to it, while the halogen atom is attached to the carbon atom with the fewest hydrogens attached to it. The main product in the combination will be the molecule that follows this guideline. As a result, the molecule (B) will be the reaction's main product.