Science

The syllabus for KEAM chemistry section is: Unit 1: Basic Concepts and Atomic Structure Laws of chemical combination: Law of conservation of mass. Law of definite proportion. Law of multiple proportions. Gay-Lussacs law of combining volumes. Daltons atomic theory. Mole concept. Atomic, molecular and molar masses. Chemical Equations. Balancing and calculation based on chemical equations. Atomic structure: Fundamental particles. Rutherford model of an atom. Nature of electromagnetic radiation. The emission spectrum of the hydrogen atom. Bohr model of the hydrogen atom. Drawbacks of Bohr model. Dual nature of matter and radiation. de Broglie relation. Uncertainty principle. Wave function (mention only). Atomic orbitals and their shapes (s, p and d orbitals only). Quantum numbers. Electronic configurations of elements. Paulis exclusion principle. Hunds rule. Aufbau principle. Unit 2: Bonding And Molecular Structure Kossel and Lewis approach of bonding. Ionic bond, the covalent character of ionic bond, Lattice energy. Born-Haber cycle. Covalent bond. Lewis structure of covalent bond. The concept of orbital overlap. VSEPR theory and geometry of molecules. The polarity of a covalent bond. Valence bond theory and hybridization (sp, sp2, sp3, dsp2, d2sp3 and sp3d2). Resonance. Molecular orbital method. Bond order. Molecular orbital diagrams of homo-diatomic molecules. Bond strength and magnetic behaviour. Hydrogen bond. Coordinate bond. Metallic bond. Unit 3: States of Matter Gaseous state: Boyles law. Charles law. Avogadros hypothesis. Grahams law of diffusion. Absolute scale of temperature. Ideal gas equation. Gas constant and its values. Daltons law of partial pressure. Aqueous tension. Kinetic theory of gases. Deviation of real gases from ideal behaviour. Inter molecular interaction, van der Waals equation. Liquefaction of gases. Critical temperature. Liquid state: Properties of liquids. Vapour pressure and boiling point. Surface tension. Viscosity. Solid state: Types of solids (ionic, covalent and molecular). Space lattice and unit cells. Cubic crystal systems. Close packing. Different voids (tetrahedral and octahedral only). Density calculations. Point defects (Frenkel and Schottky). Electrical properties of solids. Conductors, semiconductors and insulators. Piezoelectric and pyroelectric crystals. Magnetic properties of solids. Diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic substances. Unit 4: Periodic Properties of Elements And Hydrogen Classification of elements: Mendeleevs periodic table. Atomic number and modern periodic law. Longform of the periodic table. Electronic configurations of elements and their position in the periodic table. Classification into s-, p-, d- and f-block elements. Periodic properties: Ionization energy, electron affinity, atomic radii, valence and electro negativity. Hydrogen: Position in the periodic table, occurrence, isolation, preparation (including commercial), properties, reactions and uses. Isotopes of hydrogen. Hydrides: Molecular, saline and interstitial hydrides. Water: Structure of water molecule and its aggregates. Physical and chemical properties of water. Hard and soft water. Removal of hardness. Preparation and uses of heavy water: Liquid hydrogen as fuel. Unit 5: S-Block Elements and Principles of Metallurgy Alkali metals: Occurrence, electronic configuration, trends in atomic and physical properties (ionization energy, atomic radii and ionic radii), electrode potential, and reactions with oxygen, hydrogen, halogens and liquid ammonia. Oxides, hydroxides and halides. Alkaline earth metals: Occurrence, electronic configuration, trends in atomic and physical properties, electrode potential, and reactions with oxygen, hydrogen and halogens. Oxides, hydroxides, halides and sulphides. Anomalous properties of lithium and beryllium. Compounds of s-block elements: Large-scale preparation of NaOH and Na2CO3, their properties and uses. Preparation and properties of CaO, Ca(OH)2, Plaster of Paris and MgSO4. Industrial uses of lime, limestone and cement. Principles of metallurgy: Occurrence of metals. The concentration of ores. General principles of extraction of metals from ore. Thermodynamic and electro chemical principles of metallurgy. Refining of metals. Extraction of zinc, aluminium, iron and copper. Unit 6: P-Block Elements General characteristics of p-block elements: atomic and physical properties. Oxidation states. Trendsin chemical reactivity of Groups 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 elements. Boron: Occurrence, isolation, physical and chemical properties. Borax and boric acid. Boron hydrides. Structure of diborane. Uses of boron and its compounds. Carbon: Allotropes, properties, Oxides of Carbon. Nitrogen: Terrestrial abundance and distribution, isolation, properties and chemical reactivity. Ammonia: Haber process of manufacture, properties and uses. Nitric acid: Ostwald process of manufacture and important uses. Oxides of nitrogen: Preparation and structures (skeletal only). Oxygen: Terrestrial abundance, isolation, properties and chemical reactivity. Oxides: Acidic, basic and amphoteric oxides. Preparation, structure, properties and uses of ozone and hydrogen peroxide. Silica: Different forms and uses. Structures of silicates. Silicones, Zeolites, Uses of Silicon TetraChloride. Phosphorus: Production, allotropes and phosphine. Preparation and structures of PCl3, PCl5, oxyacids of phosphorus. Comparison of halides and hydrides of Group 15 elements. Sulphur: Production, allotropes, oxides and halides, Oxoacids of Sulphur (structure only). Sulphuric acid: Manufacture, properties and uses. Comparison of oxides, halides and hydrides of Group17 elements, Oxoacids of halogens (structure only), hydrides and oxides of chlorine. Interhalogen compounds. 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