Hardware & Networking

Hi.

IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) and IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) are both protocols used for addressing devices in a network, but they differ in several key aspects. Here are the main differences between IPv4 and IPv6:

1. Address Length

• IPv4:

  • 32-bit address length.

  • Uses 4 decimal octets (e.g., 192.168.0.1).

  • Can accommodate a maximum of approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses.

• IPv6:

  • 128-bit address length.

  • Uses 8 groups of 4 hexadecimal digits (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334).

  • Can accommodate approximately 340 undecillion (3.4*10²⁸) unique addresses, which is an astronomically larger number.

2. Addressing Scheme

• IPv4:

  • Divided into classes (A, B, C, D, E) for addressing.

  • Has private address ranges for internal networks (e.g., 10.0.0.0, 192.168.0.0).

• IPv6:

  • Uses a more structured address format with global unicast, multicast, and anycast addresses.

  • IPv6 also has link-local addresses (beginning with fe80::/10), used for communication within a single network segment without the need for a router.

3. Header Format

• IPv4:

  • The IPv4 header is complex with multiple fields (e.g., options, checksum).

  • Includes an optional checksum to verify the integrity of the header.

• IPv6:

  • The IPv6 header is simplified, with fewer fields (e.g., no checksum).

  • IPv6 was designed to be more efficient, removing certain IPv4 fields (like the checksum) to reduce processing overhead.

4. Address Configuration

• IPv4:

  • Typically uses DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) to assign IP addresses dynamically.

  • Can also be configured manually (static IP assignment).

• IPv6:

  • Supports stateless auto-configuration (SLAAC), allowing devices to configure their own IP addresses without a DHCP server.

  • DHCPv6 can also be used for more complex network configurations.

5. NAT (Network Address Translation)

• IPv4:

  • Often requires NAT due to the limited address space.

  • NAT helps multiple devices share a single public IPv4 address, which has led to security and performance issues.

• IPv6:

  • No need for NAT as IPv6 offers a vastly larger address space, meaning each device can have its own unique public address.

  • This leads to simpler end-to-end connectivity and more efficient routing.

6. Routing Efficiency

• IPv4:

  • Routing can be complex and less efficient, especially with the need for NAT and the depletion of available address space.

• IPv6:

  • Has more efficient routing due to hierarchical addressing.

  • Routing tables are simplified because IPv6 supports aggregated routing, reducing the size and complexity of routing tables.

7. Security

• IPv4:

  • Security was added as an afterthought with extensions like IPsec for encryption and authentication.

  • Not inherently secure; additional measures (e.g., VPNs) are often needed.

• IPv6:

  • Designed with security in mind.

  • IPsec is mandatory for IPv6, providing built-in encryption and authentication mechanisms.

8. Broadcast Communication

• IPv4:

  • Supports broadcasting, where a packet is sent to all devices on a local network.

• IPv6:

  • Does not support broadcasting.

  • Uses multicasting (sending to multiple devices) and anycasting (sending to the nearest device) instead.

9. Fragmentation

• IPv4:

  • Routers can fragment packets if they are too large for the link's maximum transmission unit (MTU).

  • This requires reassembly at the destination.

• IPv6:

  • No router-based fragmentation. Only the source node can fragment packets, ensuring more efficient packet handling.

  • Fragmentation is handled at the sender's side using the "Fragment" extension header.

10. Deployment and Compatibility

• IPv4:

  • IPv4 is widely used and deployed worldwide. However, due to the limited address space, it's nearing exhaustion.

  • IPv4 and IPv6 are not directly compatible, so dual-stack networks are commonly used to support both protocols simultaneously.

• IPv6:

  • IPv6 adoption has been growing but is not as universally deployed as IPv4.

  • IPv6 requires transitional mechanisms (like tunneling or dual-stack configurations) to ensure compatibility with IPv4 networks.

11. Packet Size

• IPv4:

  • The minimum packet size is 20 bytes, and the maximum packet size is 65,535 bytes (64 KB).

• IPv6:

  • The minimum packet size is 40 bytes, and while the maximum size is technically 4.3 billion bytes, the actual size of the packets is generally constrained by the MTU of the network.

Yes, JEE-qualified students can apply for B.E. programs in Artificial Intelligence, Data Science, and Cyber Security at Chandigarh University. CU allows students to use their JEE Main 2026 scores during the admission process, particularly for scholarship consideration and early counselling advantages. These emerging and high-demand specialisations fall under Computer Science Engineering and are open to students applying through both JEE Main and CUCET routes. A good JEE rank can help students secure fee-based scholarships under CU's structured JEE scholarship scheme, while admission eligibility remains flexible. Even students who do not meet the JEE scholarship rank criteria can still pursue these advanced programs through CUCET. Chandigarh University ensures uniform academic standards, industry exposure, and placement support across all specialisations, making AI, Data Science, and Cyber Security accessible to both JEE-qualified and non-JEE students alike.

A JEE Main score supports admission to specialised CSE branches at Chandigarh University. Candidates with high scores are rewarded with merit-based scholarships, preferential counseling, and preferred seat distribution for the competitive programs of Cyber Security, Cloud Computing, and Data Science. While admission in CUCET is available to non-JEE applicants, those gaining an upper hand and professional advantage through JEE qualifications must maximize the benefits in monetary terms and branch selection. The university's industry-aligned syllabus and structured environment guarantee strong academic and career prospects for both JEE and non-JEE applicants.

Hi.

Ah! You're asking about getting a refund of the security/deposit money in the CAP (Maharashtra) or similar admission system before choice filling. Let's go step by step carefully.

Understand Security Money / Deposit

• During CAP or online admission registration, candidates often pay a security deposit to confirm eligibility and lock their participation.

• This security deposit is refundable if you withdraw before certain deadlines.

Conditions for Refund Before Choice Filling

1. Withdrawal before choice filling:

   • If you haven't filled any choices yet, most portals allow you to cancel your registration and request a refund.

2. Mode of payment:

   • Refund is usually credited back to the original payment method (net banking, UPI, or card).

3. Timeframe:

   • Refunds are processed within 15–30 days after the cancellation request.

4. Deductions:

   • Some portals may deduct transaction fees; others refund the full amount.

Step-by-Step Procedure

1. Login to your CAP / admission portal using your credentials.

2. Look for “Refund / Cancel Registration” option (before choice filling starts).

3. Submit a refund request and provide bank details if required.

4. Confirm the cancellation of your application.

5. Check your bank account after the portal's stated processing time (usually 2–4 weeks).

If Portal Doesn't Have Direct Option

• Contact the Helpdesk immediately (official number/email of CAP or the college).

• Provide your application ID, payment proof, and request refund before the choice filling deadline.