28 Photos

Poornima University BBA Courses & Fees 2025: Eligibility, Admission, Placements, Ranking, Application

Jaipur

4.2 /5

(110 Reviews)

344 Student Q&A

Private University
Estd. 2012

Poornima University BBA
What's new?

Admissions 2025 are open for BBA at Poornima University. Interested candidates can apply by visiting the official college website.

Poornima University Overview

Table of contents

Poornima University BBA Eligibility & Highlights 2025
Poornima University BBA Popular courses
Poornima University BBA Fees details 2026
Poornima University BBA Admission Dates 2025
Poornima University BBA Admission 2025: How to Apply?
+ 7 more items

Poornima University BBA Eligibility & Highlights 2025

Poornima University BBA is a 3 year undergraduate degree course, which is divided into six semesters, and offered in full-time mode. To study a BBA course, a candidate should have complete their Class 12 from CBSE or an equivalent board with at least 50% (45% for reserved category candidates). Also, candidates from any stream can apply for BBA courses. Exceptionally, for admission to BBA (Startup and Family Business) CMA-US, candidates must pass Class 12 with a minimum of 70% + written test and interview.

Poornima University BBA admission is merit-based, which is evaluated based on candidates' performance in their higher senior secondary. The BBA courses are available as a general BBA course, an integrated BBA + MBA course for the duration of five years and nine other specialisations:

BBA Global Business
BBA (Banking & Finance)
BBA (Digital Marketing)
BBA (Financial Technologies)
BBA (Startup and Family Business)
BBA (Financial Market)
BBA (Business Intelligence and Analytics)
BBA (Sports Management)

Download: Poornima_University_Brochure_2025

Poornima University BB Fees 2025

Poornima University BBA fees includes factors, like tuition fees, hostel fees, etc. Candidates must note that this fee is sourced from the official website of the institute/ sanctioning body. However, it is subject to change. Below is the Poornima University fees breakup for BBA courses:

One-Time Fees	Tuition Fees	Hostel Fees
INR 1,500 - INR 6,500	INR 1 lakh - INR 2.8 lakh	INR 3.15 lakh - INR 4.2 lakh

Candidates who wish to know about the other programmes offered at Poornima University must click here.

The fee amount mentioned is as per the official website/sanctioning body and is subject to change. Hence, it is indicative.

Check out the video below to know more about BBA at Poornima University:

Find below the key highlights for the Poornima University BBA course:

Return on Investment

Total Tuition Fees₹ 1.4L - 8L

Median Package₹ 3.6L

Eligibility Criteria

Accepted Exam

CBSE 12th

ISC

RBSE 12th

+2 more

10+2 score55%

Official BBA Ranking

India Today '25#108

Outlook '23#120

Commonly asked questions
On Highlights

Q: Is Poornima University good for placements?

Yes, Poornima University offers good placements for courses like BTech, BCA, MBA and MCA, etc. The key highlights of Poornima University placements for the Class of 2025 and 2026 are tabulated below:

Particulars	Placement Statistics in INR (2025)	Placement Statistics in INR (2026)
Highest Package	13.13 LPA	52.83 LPA
Average Package	4.01 LPA	4.17 LPA
Median Package	3.6 LPA	4 LPA
Total offers	NA	1700+
Total recruiters	NA	350+

Q: What was the highest package offered at Poornima University?

The Poornima University highest package offered during the 2026 placement drive stood at INR 52.83 LPA. The following table showcases the highest package offered between 2024 and 2026 placements at Poornima University:

Particulars	Placement Statistics (2024)	Placement Statistics (2025	Placement Statistics (2026)
Highest package	INR 12 LPA	INR 13.13 LPA	INR 52.83 LPA

Q: How is the life like at Poornima University?

As per the Shiksha verified review, Poornima University is rated 4.1/5 for Crowd & Campus Life. The campus life is amazing as there is canteen and various facilities provided to students which makes the life of students quite easy. Hostel facilities are provided to students. The university also arranges various events, seminars, and conferences for students.

Q: Is Poornima University ranked?

Yes, Poornima University is ranked by various ranking bodies. Poornima University is ranked 138th by Business Today 2023 for MBA, 35th by India Today 2023 under the Architecture category, and 125th by India Today 2023 for BCom. The university has shown significant improvement over the years and there has been an improvement in ranking as well.

Poornima University BBA
Popular courses

Search for specializations in BBA

Filter

Specialization

Exams Accepted

Total Fees

Streams

4 More

Showing 12 Courses

Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA)

4.23 years

Seats Offered

– / –

Exams Accepted

Median Salary

₹3.6 LPA

Total Tuition Fees

₹1.91 L

Get Fee Details

BBA Applications open. Apply Now

BBA in Banking and Financial Management

3.83 years

Seats Offered

– / –

Exams Accepted

Median Salary

₹3.6 LPA

Total Tuition Fees

₹2.36 L

Get Fee Details

BBA Applications open. Apply Now

BBA in Business Analytics

4.53 years

Seats Offered

– / –

Exams Accepted

Median Salary

₹3.6 LPA

Total Tuition Fees

₹2.36 L

Get Fee Details

BBA Applications open. Apply Now

BBA in Digital Marketing

3.93 years

Seats Offered

– / –

Exams Accepted

Median Salary

₹3.6 LPA

Total Tuition Fees

₹2.36 L

Get Fee Details

BBA Applications open. Apply Now

BBA in Sports Management

3 years

Seats Offered

– / –

Exams Accepted

Median Salary

₹3.6 LPA

Total Tuition Fees

₹1.35 L

Get Fee Details

BBA Applications open. Apply Now

BBA in Financial Technologies

3 years

Seats Offered

– / –

Exams Accepted

Median Salary

₹3.6 LPA

Total Tuition Fees

₹2.36 L

Get Fee Details

BBA Applications open. Apply Now

BBA in Financial Markets (CFA L1)

3 yearsOffered by GCEC Global Foundation

Seats Offered

– / –

Exams Accepted

Median Salary

– / –

Total Tuition Fees

₹2.76 L

Get Fee Details

BBA in Business Intelligence and Analytics (CMA US)

3 years

Seats Offered

– / –

Exams Accepted

Median Salary

– / –

Total Tuition Fees

₹2.98 L

Get Fee Details

BBA in Financial Markets (CFA-L1, NSE and CFP)

3 years

Seats Offered

– / –

Exams Accepted

Median Salary

– / –

Total Tuition Fees

₹2.98 L

Get Fee Details

BBA in Global Business

3 years

Seats Offered

– / –

Exams Accepted

Median Salary

– / –

Total Tuition Fees

₹8.04 L

Get Fee Details

BBA in Sports Management

3 years

Seats Offered

– / –

Exams Accepted

Median Salary

– / –

Total Tuition Fees

₹1.35 L

Get Fee Details

BBA in Startups and Family Business (CMA-US)

3 years

Seats Offered

– / –

Exams Accepted

Median Salary

– / –

Total Tuition Fees

₹2.98 L

Get Fee Details

Poornima University BBA
Fees details 2026

Fee components	Amount (for 3 years)
Tuition	₹ 1.35 L - 8.04 L
Hostel	₹ 3.45 L
One-time Payment	₹ 1.5 K
Total fee	₹ 4.82 L - 11.51 L

These are estimated fees information. Actual values may differ.

The value for money rating of this course is 4.1/5 (103 Reviews).View placement details

Get Admission Details

Recommended Colleges

Explore popular similar colleges

Students who showed interest in Poornima University - BBA also showed interest in

JECRC University institute image

Jaipur

#142 India Today

Courses Offered13 courses4.1

Total Fees₹2.85 L

Jaipur National University institute image

Jaipur

#69 Outlook

Courses Offered2 courses3.9

Total Fees₹78.60 K

JK Lakshmipat University institute image

Jaipur

#69 Times

Courses Offered3 courses4.4

Total Fees₹4.95 L

Amity University, Jaipur institute image

Jaipur

#19 Times

Courses Offered5 courses4.7

Total Fees₹6.30 L

Want better recommendations?

There is a 90% more chance of getting best college recommendations by sharing preferences.

+ Add preferences

Vivekananda Global University institute image

Jaipur

#25 Times

Courses Offered5 courses4.0

Total Fees₹3.00 L

Poddar Group of Institution institute image

Jaipur

Courses Offered5 courses4.1

Total Fees₹2.10 L

University of Engineering and Management, Jaipur institute image

Jaipur

#8 Times

Courses Offered3 courses3.8

Total Fees₹3.60 L

S.S. Jain Subodh PG College institute image

Jaipur

#27 India Today

Courses Offered1 course3.8

Total Fees₹92.20 K

ICFAI Business School, Jaipur institute image

Jaipur

#9 Outlook

Courses Offered3 courses

Total Fees₹2.10 L

Nims Institute of Business Studies, NIMS University institute image

Jaipur

Courses Offered20 courses3.7

Total Fees₹3.00 L

Confused about which college or exam to opt for? assitentRcpRhsImage

Chat with our counselor
Get your personalised list of colleges & exams matching your preferences

View allCollections

Is this recommendation relevant?

Poornima University BBA Admission Dates 2025

The application window for the 2025 admission year is currently open. Aspirants can apply for a BBA at Poornima University now. Moreover, admission to this course is merit-based. Hence, candidates should keep track of Class 12 dates. Tabulated below are the Poornima University BBA admission dates:

Dates	Past Events
30 Sep '24	BBA Last date to apply

Poornima University BBA Admission 2025: How to Apply?

Poornima University BBA course admission is merit-based. Before applying for admission, the candidates should check out the eligibility criteria. For Poornima University admission, candidates are required to follow certain steps, such as filling out the application form, paying the application fee, shortlisting of candidates, paying out the application fee, and seat allotment. Each of the admission stages is further explained below:

STEP 1: Poornima University BBA Application Process 2025

Poornima University BBA application process is online as well as offline for all courses. Candidates can visit the campus and submit the application form and the registration fee. Candidates need to pay the Poornima University BBA application fees of INR 1,500 to register for the course of their choice. Find below the steps to apply.

Documents required at the time of application

Class 10 and Class 12 mark sheets
Transfer certificate (if applicable)
Migration certificate
Caste certificate (if applicable)
Six passport-size photographs
Aadhaar Card

STEP 2: Shortlisting of Students

In the next step, the applications are shortlisted based on performance in the last qualifying examination. These students may have to go through counselling for seat allotment. To declare the names of selected candidates, a list can be released on the university portal.

STEP 3: Admission Confirmation

After the completion of the selection procedure, students shall report to the university. On physical reporting, aspirants can be asked to submit important documents for verification. Additionally, Poornima University BBA fees have to be paid for admission confirmation as mentioned below:

One-Time Fees	Tuition Fees	Hostel Fees
INR 1,500	INR 1 lakh - INR 2.8 lakh	INR 3.15 lakh - INR 4.17 lakh

Note: This information is sourced from the official website/ sanctioning body and is subject to change.

Specialization	Curriculum
Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA),Poornima University
BBA in Financial Markets (CFA L1),GCEC Global Foundation
BBA in Banking and Financial Management,Poornima University
BBA in Business Analytics,Poornima University
BBA in Digital Marketing,Poornima University

Poornima University BBA Placements

As per the latest report, the students of various courses of the University received good placements from reputed companies. The key highlights of Poornima University placements for the Class of 2023 are tabulated below:

Particulars	Placement Statistics (2023)
Highest Package	INR 45 LPA
Average Package	INR 5.45 LPA
Total offers	1,600+
Companies visited	350+

Note: In the absence of course-specific data, generic placement data is taken.

Insights on Placements

Based on 334 Student Responses

Internships and industry projects

Students can work with faculty on research projects

Employment opportunities

Many students started their own start-ups

Higher studies preferences

Majority opted in India

Placement support

Organized & proactive placement process

Alumni network

Strong alumni network that help with placement opportunities

Entrepreneurship cell

Very Active and resourceful, college is also involved

Overall feeling of students

Love being in college

View All ->

View placement details

Poornima University BBA
Rankings 2026

Publisher	2023	2024	2025
India Today	110	104	108
Outlook	120	– / –	– / –

7th Best among India Today ranked colleges in Rajasthan in 2025->

View Ranking Details

Poornima University BBA
Comparison with similar colleges

Compare BBA at Poornima University with other similar colleges

College	Median Salary	Total Tuition Fees	Ranking
Poornima University	₹ 3.6 LPA	₹ 1.35 L - 8.04 L	#108 India Today, 2025
JECRC University Compare	₹ 3.16 LPA	₹ 2.85 L - 3.58 L	#142 India Today, 2024
Jaipur National University Compare	-/-	₹ 78.6 K	#69 Outlook, 2024
JK Lakshmipat University Compare	₹ 5.6 LPA - 7 LPA	₹ 4.95 L - 6.6 L	#69 Times, 2021
Amity University Jaipur Compare	-/-	₹ 6.3 L - 12.36 L	#19 Times, 2024
Vivekananda Global University Compare	-/-	₹ 3 L - 6.75 L	#25 Times, 2024

The values are of the latest years available with Shiksha. For more details, check detailed comparison

View comparisons

Poornima University BBA
Explore Other Courses

Poornima University BBA
Students Ratings & Reviews

4.2/5

63 Verified Reviews Info Icon

4-5
31
3-4
31
2-3
1

Placements4.0

Infrastructure4.1

Faculty & Course4.3

Campus Life4.2

Value for Money4.2

What students say about Poornima University

Placements

Infrastructure

Faculty

Other

LikesView All

Top recruiting companies are Infosys, TCS, Deloitte, Jaro, Capgemini, Byjus, Zeno stack, L&T, Wipro, Webkul, celebal and many more.

Based on 26 Reviews

Sadhvi Sikarwar Verified Icon

BBA in Banking and Financial Management - Batch of 2027

4.0

4Placements4Infrastructure5Faculty4Crowd & Campus Life3Value for Money

Satisfied with infrastructure and faculty. Great learning, average placements, and fun events.

Placements: About 60% of students are placed in my course. The highest package goes up to 6 LPA, and the lowest is 2 LPA. Besides this, we get access to extra learning about leadership, management, and more.

Infrastructure: Hostels are best for girls, especially since rooms are highly maintained. The washrooms are super clean. However, the boys' hostel is not the same as the girls, their washrooms are not in healthy condition. The mess food is average. The medical facilities are the best. They provide sports activities in the evening, which are open to hostellers and day scholars.

Faculty: There is no doubt, teachers are super friendly and very helpful. Some of them literally try to help students with their feelings, and they make industry visits. The passing percentage is 40–50%, and it's not hard to ace if you study well. You get a family or friends vibe from teachers.

Other: The best part about this campus is that they teach us to be well-mannered and disciplined. Along with academics, they make us do many activities and teach us to maintain both at the same time. They also encourage us to participate in several activities that help our learning. Fun events are organized where celebrities like Paradox or Sunidhi Chauhan are invited, which also keeps students motivated.

Reviewed on 2 May 2025Read More

Harshita +2 othersfound this accurate

ⓘ

Deepika

Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) - Batch of 2027

4.4

3Placements4Infrastructure5Faculty5Crowd & Campus Life5Value for Money

Really good infrastructure and facilities.

Placements: The college says that there are 100% placements, and many reputed companies are here for placements. Placement cell is very active. While getting admission the faculty members said that there are good placements. The college is very active in giving placements.

Infrastructure: There are Wi-Fi, classroom, library, canteen, and campus. The food quality is very good. The college environment is also very nice. There is no ragging. The infrastructure of the college, mess, and hostel are also very nice. The college looks very beautiful.

Faculty: The behaviour of the teachers is very helpful. They communicate very politely. They explain the topic very clearly and they help all the students. They help whenever we need them. We feel very safe while talking to them and they are very helpful.

Other: I chose this course because of my interest in it and my friends were also doing BBA.

Reviewed on 6 Mar 2025Read More

Harshita +2 othersfound this accurate

ⓘ

Yuvraj singh barad Verified Icon

Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) - Batch of 2025

4.0

4Placements4Infrastructure4Faculty4Crowd & Campus Life4Value for Money

Good placements and vibrant campus.

Placements: The placement scenario for Bachelor of Business Administration BBA courses varies by institution, but most reputed colleges achieve a placement rate of 70–90%. Institutions with robust industry connections, a dedicated placement cell, and skilled graduates often reach a higher placement percentage. The salary packages offered to BBA students range significantly. The highest package in premier institutions can go up to ?12-20 LPA, particularly for students securing roles in top consulting, finance, or multinational firms. The lowest package is typically around 3–4 LPA, catering to entry-level roles. The average package lies in the range of 5-7 LPA, depending on the industry and job profile.

Infrastructure: The facilities and infrastructure available for Bachelor of Business Administration BBA programs are designed to provide a conducive learning environment. Most institutions offer Wi-Fi-enabled campuses, ensuring seamless internet access for research and academic activities. Classrooms are typically spacious and equipped with modern amenities like projectors, audio-visual aids, and air conditioning to enhance the learning experience. Computer labs with up-to-date software are available to support courses in data analytics, finance, and marketing. Additional, well-stocked libraries provide access to physical and digital resources, including business journals, case studies, and e-books.

Faculty: The teaching faculty in most Bachelor of Business Administration BBA programs are highly qualified and experienced, often holding advanced degrees such as MBA, Ph.D., or industry certification. Teachers are generally approachable and helpful, offering guidance in academics and career planning. They encourage students to participate in discussions, case studies, and real-world problem-solving to enhance their understanding. Many institutions invite guest lecturers and industry professionals to provide insights into current business trends, ensuring students stay updated with industry practices. The teaching quality is typically engaging, with an emphasis on practical applications of theoretical concepts. Professors often use modern teaching tools.

Other: I chose the Bachelor of Business Administration BBA program because of its versatility and the wide range of career opportunities it offers in fields such as marketing, finance, human resources, and entrepreneurship. The course provides a strong foundation in business management while also allowing for specialisation, making it an ideal choice for anyone looking to develop leadership and problem-solving skills. The best aspects of the course include its practical orientation and industry relevance. Internships, case studies, and live projects help bridge the gap between theoretical learning and real-world application. The diverse subjects covered, from business analytics to organizational.

Reviewed on 18 Dec 2024Read More

Harshita +2 othersfound this accurate

ⓘ

Rahul Choudhary Verified Icon

Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) - Batch of 2025

4.8

4Placements5Infrastructure5Faculty5Crowd & Campus Life5Value for Money

Life at Poornima University.

Placements: About 85 percent of students were placed in each and every department every year. The highest packages of BBA are 6 Lacs per annum, and the average package of placement is 3.5 Lacs per annum. Top recruiting companies for BBA are Genpect, Global Reach, StandYou, etc. Roles offered are sales executive and HR manager.

Infrastructure: Classroom facilities provided in the classrooms are Wi-Fi for each floor, projectors and educomp facilities, proper sitting branches, wider whiteboards, and speakers. 3 computer labs for each department. Excellent hostel facilities such as healthy and hygienic food, clean dining facilities, medical facilities, and a canteen of a wide range of products.

Faculty: There are highly qualified teachers with experience of more than 6 years. Each and every teacher is helpful in every problem of the students. The behavior of the faculty is very linient. Semester exams are difficult but enhance knowledge and practice. Pass percentage is 35%.

Other: The annual event of Poornima University is Lakshya, in which various cultural activities are happening and DJ nights and celebrity nights are also done.

Reviewed on 18 Dec 2024Read More

Harshit aggarwal Verified Icon

Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) - Batch of 2025

3.8

3Placements4Infrastructure4Faculty4Crowd & Campus Life4Value for Money

Poornima University review.

Placements: The placement percentage is 100% in the BBA course. Most of the students opt for other courses. The highest salary package offered is 12 LPA. The average salary package offered is 4 LPA. Companies like Genpact, etc., visit here for BBA. Approximately 100% of students got internships as this is mandatory for every student. Mainly they focus on sales jobs, but companies offer core finance, marketing, and analytic jobs.

Infrastructure: The infrastructure is great. Students get more advantages if they are hostellers. They get unlimited Wi-Fi. Our college has a good open space, classrooms, and labs. In the BBA department, there are no air-conditioned classrooms. There is a good canteen. Our college focuses on American football and other sports. There is a good collaboration with the football group and Rajasthan Royal. They are full of surprises and fun.

Faculty: Faculty members are amazing. Some of them have great corporate experience and teach through case studies. The understanding of concepts is good. They provide industrial visits to understand real-life concepts.

Reviewed on 19 Nov 2024Read More

JAYESH SONI Verified Icon

Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) - Batch of 2026

3.6

3Placements3Infrastructure3Faculty5Crowd & Campus Life4Value for Money

This university is not excellent and not extremely bad. It is average.

Placements: In present time, 60 percent of students were placed in BBA courses. The highest package is 8 LPA. The lowest package is 3.5 LPA. The average package is 5 LPA. Top recruiters are Global Reach, TCS, etc. 50 percent of students got internships from BBA courses and in Ananta fashion and Global Reach companies. Roles offered are marketing, finance, data analytics, sales, etc.

Infrastructure: Facilities: smart classrooms, computer labs, and an excellent library. Facilities in Hostel: Food quality is not good, canteens are good, medical facilities are good, and sports are excellent facilities. Facilities are fulfilling sufficient needs and study environments.

Faculty: Yes, teachers are helpful, qualified, and knowledgeable in our field. Teaching quality is excellent. Course curriculum includes all of business understanding and related to today's world information. Yes, it makes the students industry-ready. The semester exams are a little bit difficult in this college. Passing percentage is 60%.

Other: I chose the BBA course because I am an enthusiast of business understandings. The best thing about a BBA course is that it is time-effective. Things are improving in this course: hackathon participation, research-related works, event participation, etc. Events are amazing like Lakshya, Management fest, conferences, etc.

Reviewed on 6 Nov 2024Read More

Harshita +1 othersfound this accurate

ⓘ

View All 110 Reviews

Confused about which college or exam to opt for?

Chat with our counselor
Get your personalised list of colleges & exams matching your preferences

Poornima University BBA Scholarships

Poornima University provides various scholarships to candidates pursuing a UG or a PG course. The university provides Shanti Education Scholarship (SES), Sports Scholarship and PU President's Scholarship. Check below the details for Poornima University SES Scholarship:

Class 12 (Aggregate of best five subjects)	Categories
>=85%	Counselling 1: 60%, Counselling 2: 40%, Counselling 3: 20%
Between 75% to 84.99%	Counselling 1: 40%, Counselling 2: 20%, Counselling 3: 10%
Between 65% to 74.99%	Counselling 1: 20%, Counselling 2: 10%, Counselling 3: NA
Between 55% to 64.99%	Counselling 1: 10%, Category 2: NA, Category 3: NA

Poornima University BBA 2025 FAQs

Poornima University BBA 2025 FAQs are given below:

Poornima University

Student Forum

Anything you would want to ask experts?

Write here...

How many offers were made during Poornima University placements?

Answered 2 weeks ago

According to the latest report, more than 350 national and multinational companies participated during Poornima University placements 2026 and presented over 1700 jobs to students.

Shoaib Mehdi

Contributor-Level 10

How successful are the placements at Poornima University?

Answered 2 weeks ago

Poornima University has a good record of placements. The key highlights of Poornima University placements for the Class of 2025 and 2026 are tabulated below:

Particulars	Placement Statistics in INR (2025)	Placement Statistics in INR (2026)
the highest Package	13.13 LPA	52.83 LPA
Average Package	4.01 LPA	4.17 LPA
Median Package	3.6 LPA	4 LPA
Total offers	NA	1700+
Total recruiters	NA	350+

Shoaib Mehdi

Contributor-Level 10

Which one is best for placements after BBA: Jecrc, Poornima university or LPU?

Answered 2 months ago

Dear reader,

As a LPU student this is my perspective towards asked question.

Lovely Professional University (LPU), which has a large network of more than 2,000 recruiters and a worldwide renowned ACBSP-accredited business school, is notable for its BBA placements. Along with alumni from other prestig

Aston Martin

Contributor-Level 10

How are BTech CSE placements at Poornima University?

Answered 2 weeks ago

The course-wise placement details are yet to be released. Meanwhile, check out the key highlights of Poornima University placements for the Class of 2025 and 2026 from the table below:

Particulars	Placement Statistics in INR (2026)
the highest Package	52.83 LPA
Average Package	4.17 LPA
Median Package	4 LPA
Total offers	1700+
Total recruiters	350+

Shoaib Mehdi

Contributor-Level 10

Why choose Poornima University?

Answered 3 weeks ago

Poornima University represents an excellent choice for students interested in Management or Engineering courses with the university offering top-tier specialisations in emergent fields whether it be MBA in Leadership & Entrepreneurship, BTech CSE Cloud Technology & DevOps, etc.

The university also fo

Chikat Marchang

Contributor-Level 8

Content authored by: