3 Photos
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon: Courses, Fees, Admission 2025, Placements, Reviews
3.4 /5- Private Institute
- Estd. 1983
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, BudhgaonWhat's new?
Here are some additional updates regarding the Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon:
- The JEE Main registration 2026 is now open for admission to BTech, BArch, and BPlan courses. The registration deadline for session 1 is Nov 27, 2025, and the exam will tentatively be conducted between Jan 21 and Jan 30, 2026.
- The MHT CET 2026 application form for admission to BE/BTech and Integrated BTech courses will likely be released during the last week of Dec 2025.
- The GATE 2026 exam for admission to ME/MTech courses will be conducted on Feb 7, Feb 8, Feb 14, and Feb 15, 2026.
Video stories
- Eligibility & Cut Offs
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon Overview
Table of content- Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon Highlights 2025
- Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon Popular programs
- Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon Admission process
- Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon Student Reviews
- Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon Placements
- + 8 more items
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon Highlights 2025
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon, is loacted in Sangli, Maharashtra. It is a private institute founded in 1983 and approved by AICTE. Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon provides B.E. / B.Tech, M.E./M.Tech and After 10th Diploma programmes in Full Time mode. Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon offers 30 courses in specialisations, namely Civil Engineering, Computer Science Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Electronics Engineering, Information Technology and Mechanical Engineering. Some of the courses offered at Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon include B.E. / B.Tech, M.E./M.Tech and After 10th Diploma. The fee at this institute ranges between INR 18,000 and 2,99,028. The total student intake at Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon is 1356. Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon provides courses in various streams, including Engineering. The average median salary offered here is INR 3,50,000. Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon offers all the necessary campus facilities to students.
| Particulars | Statistics |
|---|---|
| Campus Location | Sangli, Maharashtra |
| Courses Offered | UG, PG and After 10th |
| No. of Seats | 1356 |
| Median Salary | INR 3,50,000 |
| Fees Range | INR 18,000 and 2,99,028 |
| Year of establishment | 1983 |
| Ownership | Private |
| UGC Approved | no |
| AIU MemberShip | no |
| Institute of national importance | no |
| Accepted Exams |
Commonly asked questions On Highlights
Q: What is the average BTech Computer Science Engineering salary in India?
A:
The average BTech CSE salary for graduates in India can range between INR 4 LPA and INR 12 LPA. The scope of the BTech CSE programme in India is excellent and hence the starting salary packages offered by recruiters are also high as compared to some other engineering courses.
The salary depends on factors like the years of experience you hold, your academic qualification, skill set, etc. Once you enter the industry and get some years of experience in hand, you will get a higher salary package. But, in the starting of your career journey, you can expect between INR 4 LPA and INR 6 LPA.
Q: What is covered in Machine Design subject in B.Tech course?
A:
Dear candidate, the subject of Machine Design basically teaches you about the designing fundamentals of various types of machinery across industries. You get to learn about the different ways in which elements can be combined to form an equipment or machine system and get the work done in an effective manner.
The knowledge of this subject is very important for a mechanical engineer as he/she will have to put this to use in the future whenever they enter the workforce as a mechanical engineering professional.
Hope this cleared your doubt. Have a good day.
Q: Does BTech Civil Engineering syllabus focus more on theory or practical application?
A:
The BTech Civil Engineering syllabus focuses on both theoretical lectures as well as practical work.
With the help of lectures in the curriculum, theoretical concepts are introduced to students, tutorials provide space for solving problems and applications also.
And the labs offer hands-on experience to students who get acquainted with equipment and CAD software. Also, the field projects also allow students to apply their B Tech Civil Engg. skills and knowledge to design and implement communication systems.
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon Popular programs
View All 3 Courses
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon Admission process
B.E. / B.Tech Admissions 2026
16 Courses3 years-4 years
Eligibility- 10+2 with 45% aggregate
- Accepting Exams: MHT CET, JEE Main
Important dates| Dates | Events |
|---|---|
31 Oct '25 - 27 Nov '25 | JEE Main 2026 Registration Session 1Ongoing |
Jan '26 | JEE Main Admit Card 2025 Session 1Tentative |
21 Jan '26 - 30 Jan '26 | JEE Main 2026 Exam Date Session 1 |
M.E./M.Tech Admissions 2026
8 Courses2 years
Eligibility- Undergraduate Degree with 50% aggregate
- Accepting Exams: GATE, MHTCET MTech
Important dates| Dates | Events |
|---|---|
2 Jan '26 | GATE 2026 Admit Card |
7 Feb '26 | GATE 2026 Exam |
8 Feb '26 | GATE 2026 Exam |
Admission Details for all courses
R
Rajnandini Nandkishor Patil 
B.Tech. in Electronics and Computer Science - Batch of 2025
5
5Placements5Infrastructure5Faculty5Crowd & Campus Life5Value for Money
A good college with well-equipped teachers, infrastructure, and a good environment.
Placements: 60% of students are placed in the course. The highest package is 30 LPA, and the lowest is 6 LPA. Wipro, Cognizant, and TCS are recruiting companies. 40% of students got internships in the first year. Software engineers and software developers are roles offered in our course.
Infrastructure: Infrastructure is well and good. Classrooms are good, fully Wi-Fi enabled. Labs are good and well-equipped. The library has a good source of books helpful for studies. The canteen is also good, neat, and clean. The food served is also good and fresh. Good medical facilities.
Faculty: Teachers are helpful, well-qualified, and knowledgeable. Teaching quality is good. This course is relevant and makes every student industry-ready and self-sufficient. The toughness of the exam depends on studies, but the exams are helpful. 75% and above is the pass percentage.
Reviewed on 23 Jul 2025Read More
A
Ashlesha ram pandhare
B.Tech. in Electronics and Computer Science - Batch of 2028
5
5Placements5Infrastructure5Faculty5Crowd & Campus Life5Value for Money
The college is in an improving phase, I wish that in upcoming years, it will be a very good college
Placements: My college's placement is very low, with a minimum package of 3 LPA. I'm not sure about the exact highest package. I'll share more reviews after 4 years. Campus selections are very low due to the students and teachers.
Infrastructure: Medium-level food quality is available in the hostel, which is good. The labs are excellent, and the library is very nice. Medical facilities are not available in my college, but sports and games are held annually. The canteen's food quality is not good.
Faculty: Teachers are good, and teaching quality is improving in my college, D. Y. Patil University. The passing percentage in the written exam is 60 out of 24, and in the practical exam, it's 40 out of 14, with total marks per subject being 100. Some teachers in my college are knowledgeable.
Other: I chose this college because I am interested in electronic circuits and coding programming.
Reviewed on 22 May 2025Read More
V
Vedant Sonwalkar
B.Tech. in Computer Science and Engineering (Artificial Intelligence and Data Science) - Batch of 2028
3.4
3Placements3Infrastructure4Faculty3Crowd & Campus Life4Value for Money
The college has two faces. If you are from a non-tech branch, you can get an average placement.
Placements: You only need 60% to 65% to get admission in CSE (aids), while 65% to 70% is required for CSE I. That’s it. Based on your CGPA and skills, you can expect an average package of 3 lakh to a maximum of 7 to 9 lakh per annum. Top companies like TCS, SQE, Spider, and more than 2 to 3 are major hiring companies in college. Additionally, college has small companies and startups (only for eligible students). However, securing an internship from college is extremely challenging, almost impossible for students, but it’s not impossible for someone.
Also, you can get an unpaid internship from college for getting 6 months to 1 year of work experience.
Infrastructure: Facilities are not so much experienced for technical branches, but maths teachers were good. But also, I am in my 1st year, so I don’t know as much. But maths and mechanic chemistry teachers were good, but computer teachers were not.
Hostel was also average, yeah, but you have available WiFi from 5 p.m. to 10 am but at college time, like from 10 to 5, WiFi is off, so you can use it after college only.
Faculty: Yeah, the teachers are highly qualified in math mechanic chem phy communication subjects. They are all PhD holders and can deliver perfect knowledge to you. Yes, this course is relevant. It can boost your confidence and help you gain knowledge. But it's totally up to you how you respond to their words . Semester exams are a little bit difficult to face. The end semester is very hard to face. Yeah, you get the most expected questions like in 10th and 12th. But still, it's hard.
Other: If you are from a non-tech branch like electric, machine, these branches can get placed easily through college, but CSE and aids, which aim to introduce batches in college, don't have as many placements.
Reviewed on 14 Oct 2024Read More
S
Siddhant
Diploma in Computer Engineering - Batch of 2024
3.2
3Placements3Infrastructure4Faculty3Crowd & Campus Life3Value for Money
College is average, can improve.
Placements: 40% of students were placed in well-known companies like Wipro, Amazon, Infosys, etc. Placements are average in this college but many MNC and other well-known companies come in this college to select best students from all students. The skill package is given around 4-5 LPA.
Infrastructure: The overall infrastructure of the college is under construction, but the classrooms are very good, and digital classrooms are available. Also, computer labs are very nice. There are 7-8 labs and each lab has around 20-25 computers. Hostel is average but the facilities are good in the hostel.
Faculty: Faculty in the college are very nice. All teachers are good; their teaching is very nice. Exams are conducted according to the MSBTE board. Teachers keep an eye on students while exams. To avoid cheating, surveillance cameras are placed in the classrooms.
Other: Crowd is average and the campus of the college is very big. Coconut trees and all greenery are on the campus. A fresh air atmosphere is available on campus.
Reviewed on 21 Sep 2024Read More
V
Vijay Mote
B.Tech. in Civil Engineering - Batch of 2021
3.4
3Placements3Infrastructure4Faculty3Crowd & Campus Life4Value for Money
Our college provides good infrastructure and helpful faculty members.
Placements: Less placements are provided in our college but they guide students to get placed in companies. Around 70% of students get placed. Top recruiting companies are TCS and Infosys for placements and internships.
Infrastructure: Classrooms are good in our college. Wi-Fi and labs are average, but the canteen is good. Medical facilities are available on campus for the safety of students. A hostel mess is available for students.
Faculty: Exams are conducted in our college to ace success. Teachers are good and helpful. They guide students to gain a bright future. The course curriculum makes students ready for industry.
Other: Our college has value for money. It organises less workshops.
Reviewed on 5 Jun 2023Read More
H
Harshal Sutat
B.Tech. in Civil Engineering - Batch of 2024
4
4Placements3Infrastructure4Faculty5Crowd & Campus Life4Value for Money
This college is the best.
Placements: In our college, there were 60% of students were placed in good companies. And also looking for promotions. In our college, there were many companies visited for a campus selection. Recently ambuja company visited for campus selection and also TCS company visited.
Infrastructure: In our college, there were so many laboratories available per subject requirement. For concrete technology, there is a CT lab available similarly for Geotechnical engineering there is a get Lab also available. And our college has three hostels building two for boys and one for girls.
Faculty: In our college, there are highly qualified teachers available and they help students to build there's a career. Teachers' behaviour with students is very friendly and they help every student to make their career well settled. Our college exams are not so tough and the passing criteria depend upon the universities' decisions.
Other: I choose civil engineering because I want to make my life awesome by making money.
Reviewed on 22 Jan 2023Read More
View All 24 Reviews
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon Placements
In Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon, 419 students admitted in year 2015-16, out of which 577 graduated in 2018-19. From this, 298 qualified students got placed with a median salary of Rs.195000 and 26 students got selected for higher studies. In year 2016-17, 298 students were admitted, out of which 614 graduated in 2019-20. From this, 273 qualified students got placed with a median salary of Rs.215000 and 35 students got selected for higher studies. In year 2017-18, 413 students were admitted, out of which 750 graduated in 2020-21. From this, 278 qualified students got placed with a median salary of Rs.350000 and 20 students got selected for higher studies.
| Courses | Median Salary |
|---|---|
| B.E. / B.Tech | INR 350,000 |
| M.E./M.Tech | INR 350,000 |
| Course | Median Salary |
|---|---|
| B.E. / B.Tech | ₹3.5 LPA |
| M.E./M.Tech | ₹3.5 LPA |
Insights on Placements
Based on 14 Student Responses
Internships and industry projects
Offered every semester
Employment opportunities
Many students looking for better jobs
Employment opportunities
Many students started their own start-ups
Employment opportunities
Higher in core jobs
Higher studies preferences
Majority opted in India
Placement support
Organized & proactive placement process
Placement support
Students are expected to reach out to companies themselves
Alumni network
Strong alumni network but not very active
Entrepreneurship cell
Very Active and resourceful, college is also involved
Overall feeling of students
Love being in college
Commonly asked questions On Placements
Q: How is the placement facility at Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon?
A:
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon has been rated 3.1 on placements on the basis of 19 reviews done by students.
In Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon, 419 students were admitted in year 2015-16, out of which 577 graduated in 2018-19. From this, 298 qualified students got placed with a median salary of INR 195000 and 26 students got selected for higher studies. In year 2016-17, 298 students were admitted, out of which 614 graduated in 2019-20. From this, 273 qualified students got placed with a median salary of INR 215000 and 35 students got selected for higher studies. In year 2017-18, 413 students were admitted, out of which 750 graduated in 2020-21. From this, 278 qualified students got placed with a median salary of INR 350000 and 20 students got selected for higher studies.
Q: What is the median package offered at Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon during placements?
A:
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon offers median package range of INR 350,000 during in-campus placements. It has a decent placement assistance program and has been rated 3.1 on placements as per Shiksha verified reviews by students.
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon Popular Courses
B.E. / B.Tech
After 10th Diploma
M.E./M.Tech
4 yearsPadmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon Fee and Eligibility
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon offers various programmes at UG and PG levels. Students can choose offline courses from stream such as Engineering. At the UG level, students can choose from courses, namely B.E. / B.Tech. On the other hand, at the PG level, the Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon offers M.E./M.Tech. The fees for Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon courses range between INR 18,000 to 2,99,028.
| Courses | Tuition Fees | Eligibility |
|---|---|---|
B.E. / B.Tech(16 courses) | 2.2 L - 3 LGet Fee Details | |
After 10th Diploma(6 courses) | 18 KGet Fee Details | |
M.E./M.Tech(8 courses) | 88.3 KGet Fee Details | Graduation : 50 % Exams : GATEMHTCET MTech |
Commonly asked questions On Fees and Eligibility
Q: What is the eligibility to get admission in Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon for UG/PG courses?
A:
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon has below criteria for taking admissions to it's various courses:
| Courses | Eligibility |
|---|---|
| B.E. / B.Tech | Candidate must have completed Diploma Course in Engineering and Technology in relevant stream with minimum 45% marks (40% marks in case of candidates of Backward class categories and Persons with Disability belonging to Maharashtra State only) from an All India Council for Technical Education or Central or State Government approved Institution or its equivalent. OR Candidate must have completed B.Sc. from UGC/ Association of Indian Universities recognized University with at least 45% marks (40% in case of candidates of Backward class categories and Persons with Disability belonging to Maharashtra State only) and passed 10+2 with Mathematics as a subject. |
| After 10th Diploma | Candidate passed 10th class/SSC examination or its equivalent, with at least 35% aggregate marks from any recognized institute/board are eligible to apply. |
| M.E./M.Tech | Sponsored candidate must have minimum of two years of full time work experience in a registered firm/ company/ industry/ educational and/ or research institute/ any Government Department or Government Autonomous Organization in the relevant field in which admission is being sought. |
Recommended Colleges
Explore popular similar colleges
Students who showed interest in Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon - B.Tech also showed interest in
Want better recommendations?
There is a 90% more chance of getting best college recommendations by sharing preferences.Confused about which college or exam to opt for?
- Chat with our counselor
- Get your personalised list of colleges & exams matching your preferences
View allCollections
Is this recommendation relevant?
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, BudhgaonCollege comparison
Compare Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon with other similar colleges
B.E. / B.Tech
After 10th Diploma
M.E./M.Tech
| College | Median Salary | Total Tuition Fees | Ranking |
|---|---|---|---|
| ₹ 3.5 LPA | ₹ 2.24 L - 2.99 L | -/- | |
| ₹ 2 LPA - 3.5 LPA | ₹ 1.91 L - 2.54 L | -/- | |
| -/- | ₹ 1.77 L - 2.85 L | -/- | |
| -/- | ₹ 3.41 L | -/- | |
| -/- | -/- | -/- | |
| ₹ 2.1 LPA | ₹ 2.35 L - 3.13 L | #269 India Today, 2025 |
CompareThe values are of the latest years available with Shiksha. For more details, check detailed comparison
View comparisons
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon Application Process
| Courses | Eligibility |
|---|---|
| B.E. / B.Tech | Candidate must have passed / appearing 10+2 or HSC or equivalent examination with Physics and Mathematics as compulsory subjects along with one of the Chemistry or Biotechnology or Biology or Technical Vocational subject or Computer Science or Information Technology or Informatics Practices or Agriculture or Engineering Graphics or Business Studies and obtained at least mentioned marks in the above subjects taken together, from a recognized board. The mentioned OBC, SC, ST percentage is only applicable to candidates belonging to Maharashtra state. |
| M.E./M.Tech | For Maharashtra Candidature Candidate and All India Candidature Candidate:- Candidate must have passed Bachelor Degree in the relevant field of Engineering and Technology or Pharmacy from AICTE or Central or State Government approved institutions or equivalent, with the mentioned marks (at least 45% marks in case of candidates of Reserved categories, Economically Weaker Section and PwD category belonging to Maharashtra State). |
| After 10th Diploma | Candidate passed 10th/equivalent from any recognized institute/board are eligible to apply. |
View Application Process Details
Students like you also explore these online courses
All courses
IT & Software
Business & Management Studies
Animation
Beauty & Fitness
Engineering
Humanities & Social Sciences
Design
Data Science
Medicine & Health Sciences
Mass Communication & Media
Banking, Finance & Insurance
Teaching & Education
Science
Accounting & Commerce
Arts ( Fine / Visual / Performing )
Hospitality & Travel
Law
Architecture & Planning
Aviation
Nursing
₹1.5 L
2 years
– / –
5 days
₹1.11 L
3 years
₹55 K
2 years
₹2.4 K
1 year
₹1.99 L
2 years
₹1.27 L
2 years
View all courses
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon Faculty Details
| Faculty Details | |
|---|---|
| Director | - |
| Principal/Principal In-Charge | 2 |
| Professor & Equivalent | 1 |
| Lecturer | 16 |
| Assistant Professor | 116 |
| Associate Professor | 28 |
| Other Faculty Members | 42 |
Commonly asked questions On Faculty
Q: Does Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon has good and experienced faculty?
A:
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon has been rated 3.8 for faculty as per reviews by students. This represents that Institute has decent, qualified and experienced faculty members.
View Faculty Details
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon Specializations
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon offers Specializations in fields of study such as;
| Courses | Total Seats | Specializations |
|---|---|---|
| B.E. / B.Tech | 30-120 | Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Computer Science Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Electronics Engineering, Information Technology, Instrumentation Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Telecommunication Engineering |
| M.E./M.Tech | 12-24 | Chemical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronics Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Power Engineering, Structural Engineering, Telecommunication Engineering |
| After 10th Diploma | 30-120 | Automobile Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Computer Science Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering |
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon FAQs
Q: How many seats are available for various courses offered at Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon?
A:
Courses offerred by Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon are approved by eminent Government bodies like AICTE. The combined seats available for courses offered at Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon goes up to 1386.
Q: Is Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon a good college/Institute?
A:
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon is a reputed institute for B.Tech, After 1th Diploma, M.E./M.Tech. Students can opt these programs to pursue their career in Engineering. Institute has trained & experienced faculty who deliver these programs. Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon has a review rating of 3.5 on the basis of reviews by students. In addition to this, it has been rated 3.6 on campuslife, 3.1 on placements, 3.8 on faculty and 3.5 on Infrastructure.
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon
Student Forum
Anything you would want to ask experts?Content authored by:
Jagriti Shukla
Updated on Oct 30, 2023
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, BudhgaonTake a look at Campus
Header Image
Campus Building
Campus BuildingPadmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon News & Updates
Latest
Popular
UPASANA PRADHAN · Nov 9, 2025
9.1K views
Samridhi Mishra · Nov 8, 2025
9.7K views
Satyendra Singh · Nov 7, 2025
4.8L views · 10 comments
Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, BudhgaonContact Information
Useful Links
Know more about Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon
- Courses 2026
- Fees 2026
- Reviews on Placements, Faculty & Facilities
- Admission 2026 - Cutoffs, Eligibility & Dates
- Placement - Highest & Average Salary Package
- Cut off & Merit List 2026
- Gallery 2026
- Infrastructure Details & Reviews
- Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon Faculty
- Compare Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon
- Padmabhooshan Vasantraodada Patil Institute of Technology, Budhgaon Q&A