Students appearing for 12th board exams must go through the complete PSEB 12th Science syllabus to know the topics and units to study and score well. The article lists down the detailed syllabus of PSEB Class 12 Science stream subjects.
Punjab School Education Board (PSEB) conducts board exams for both Class 10 and Class 12 for the state of Punjab. PSEB conducts Class 12 board examinations for Science and other major streams. Science is considered as one of the important streams for students preparing for board exams.
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The Punjab Board has divided the syllabus for PSEB Class 12 board examination into the following compulsory and optional subjects.
Compulsory Subjects
Every candidate shall offer the following subjects:
| S. No. |
Subject |
Theory |
Practical |
Project work/ Internal Assessment |
Total Marks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. |
General English |
80 |
|
20 |
100 |
| 2. |
General Punjabi Or Punjab History and Culture |
80 80 |
|
20 20 |
100 100 |
| 3. |
Environmental Education |
45 |
|
05 |
50 |
| 4. |
Computer Science |
50 |
45 |
05 |
100 |
Elective Subjects
In addition to the compulsory subjects, every candidate shall offer any of the following groups:
Group I Humanities
Group II Science
Group III Commerce
Group IV Agriculture
SCIENCE GROUP
Every candidate shall offer any three elective subjects from the following:
| S. No. |
Subject |
Theory |
Practical |
Project work/ Internal Assessment |
Total Marks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. |
Physics |
70 |
25 |
05 |
100 |
| 2. |
Chemistry |
70 |
25 |
05 |
100 |
| 3. |
Biology Or Mathematics |
70
80 |
25 |
05
20 |
100
100 |
| A candidate can offer an additional subject out of the following: |
|||||
| 1. |
Geography |
70 |
25 |
05 |
100 |
| 2. |
Home Science |
70 |
25 |
05 |
100 |
| 3. |
Agriculture |
70 |
25 |
05 |
100 |
| 4. |
Biology Or Mathematics |
70
80 |
25 |
05
20 |
100
100 |
| 5. |
Computer Application |
60 |
35 |
5 |
100 |
| 6. |
Economics |
80 |
|
20 |
100 |
Note:
- In addition to three elective subjects offered by a candidate in the Science Group, a candidate desiring higher studies in Ayurveda may offer Sanskrit as an additional language. The syllabus of Sanskrit will be the same as prescribed in the Humanities Group.
- The Syllabi in subjects of Economics, Geography, Home Science and Mathematics will be the same as prescribed in the Humanities Group.
The PSEB Class 12 syllabus for Science stream is vast, therefore, the students should know the complete syllabus to score well in the exam. This article discusses the PSEB Class 12 Science syllabus in detail.
PSEB Class 12 Syllabus for Science Stream - Physics
The total marks allocated for Physics examination are 100 — 70 marks for the theory exam and 30 marks for the practical assessment (including five marks for internal assessment). The syllabus of PSEB Class 12 Physics is given below:
| Unit |
Topics |
Marks |
|---|---|---|
| UNIT-I Electrostatics |
Electric Charges; charging by induction, basic properties of electric charge (addition of charges, quantisation of charges and their Conservation) Coulomb's law-force between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle, and continuous charge distribution. Electrical field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field due to system of charge, the physical significance of electric field, electric-field lines; electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole;(on its axis, on the equatorial plane)physical significance of dipoles; torque on a dipole in uniform electric field. Electric field due to continuous charge distribution. Electric flux, statement of Gauss's theorem proof of Gauss’s theorem for a charge enclosed in sphere, and its applications to find electric field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite thin plane sheet, and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside). Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, potential due to an electric dipole with special cases for axis and equatorial plane and system of charges; equipotential surfaces, its properties, the relation between field and potential electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges potential energy in external field and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field. Conductors and insulators, electrostatics of conductors, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Electrostatic shielding its uses, Dielectrics and electric polarisation, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor. |
09 |
| UNIT-II Current Electricity |
Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity, drift of electron mobility and their relation with electric current: Ohm's law, electrical resistance. V-1 characteristics (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity. Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance and resistivity.Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel. Kirchhoff's laws and simple applications of Wheatstone bridge, meter bridge. Potentiometer-principle and its applications to measure potential difference and for comparing emf of two cells, measurement of internal resistance of a cell. |
07 |
| UNIT-III Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism |
Concept of magnetic field. Oersted's experiment; Biot-savart law and its application to find the magnetic field on the axis of a current-carrying circular loop, Ampere's circuital law (no proof) and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron. Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors, definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; moving coil galvanometers- its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter. Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron. Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (Bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; magnetism and Gauss’s law; Earth's magnetic field and magnetic elements, magnetisation, and magnetic intensity, magnetic properties of materials, Para-, dia-and ferromagnetic substances with examples, Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths. Permanent magnets. |
10 |
| UNIT-IV Electromagnetic Induction and Current |
Electromagnetic induction, Faraday's and henry experiments, magnetic flux, Faraday laws, induced emf and current, Lenz's Law and conservation of energy, motional emf, Eddy currents: Self and mutual inductance. Alternating current, peak and rms value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedances; phasors, ac applied across resistance, ac applied across inductor, as applied across capacitor, ac applied across LCR, LC oscillations, across inductor, ac applied across capacitor, ac applLC oscillations, (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit resonance; power in AC circuit, wattless current. AC generator and transformer. |
07 |
| UNIT-V Electromagnetic Waves |
Need for displacement current, Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only). Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic spectrum (Radio waves, Radio microwaves, infra-red, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses. |
04 |
| UNIT-VI Optics |
Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications, optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, refraction by lens, lenses, thin lens formula/equation, lensmaker's formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, combination of lens and mirror. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism. Some natural phenomenon due to sunlight, Scattering of light-blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset. Optical instruments Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers. Waves optics: wavefront and Huygens' Principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using Huygens’ Principle, wavefronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens ‘Principle. Interference Young's double hole experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and incoherent addition of waves and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarisation, polarization by scattering and reflection, plane polarised light -Brewster's law, uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids.
|
14 |
| UNIT-VII Dual Nature of Matter |
Electron emission, Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations'; experimental study of photoelectric effect, and wave theory of light, Einstein's photoelectric equation, particle nature of light, the photon, Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. DavissionGermer experiment (experimental details should be omitted; only conclusion should be explained). |
05 |
| UNIT-VIII Atoms and Nuclei |
Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohar modal of the hydrogen atom, expression for radius, velocity and energy of electron in orbit, energy levels, line spectrum of hydrogen atom, atomic spectra, de Broglie's explanation of Bohr’ s second postulate of quantization. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones. Radioactivity- alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law, alpha, beta and gamma decay. Mass-energy relation, mass-defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear fission, nuclear force, nuclear reactor, Nuclear energy. |
07 |
| UNIT-IX Electronics Devices |
Classification of metal-insulator and semiconductor, Energy bands in solids (qualitative idea only) conductor, insulators and Semiconductors; intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors,p-n junction, semiconductor Diode-1-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier, 1-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode, Zener diode as a voltage regulator. |
07 |
Structure of Practical Assessment for Class 12 Physics
| Evaluation Scheme |
Marks |
|---|---|
| Two Experiments |
10 |
| Record of Activities |
2 |
| Viva on Activities |
3 |
| Record of Experiments |
2 |
| Viva of Experiments |
3 |
| Investigatory Project |
5 |
| Total |
25 |
Practical Syllabus
SECTION-A
- To determine resistance per unit length of a given wire by plotting a graph of potential difference versus current.
- To find resistance of a given wire using meter bridge and hence determine the specific resistance of its material.
- To verify the laws of combination (series/parallel) of resistance using a meter bridge.
- To compare the emf of two given primary cells using potentiometer.
- To determine the internal resistance of given primary cell using potentiometer.
- To determine the resistance of a galvanometer by half-deflection method and to find its figure of merit.
- To convert the given galvanometer of known resistance and figure of merit into an ammeter and voltmeter of the desired range and to verify the same.
- To find the frequency of the A.C. mains using a sonometer and electromagnet.
SECTION-B
- To find the value of v for different values of u in case of a concave mirror and find their focal length.
- To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v or between 1/u and I/v.
- To find the focal length of a convex mirror, using a convex lens.
- To find the focal length of a concave lens, using a convex lens.
- To determine the angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph between angle of incidence and angle of deviation.
- To draw the I-V characteristic curve of a p-n junction in forward bias and reverse bias.
- To draw the characteristic curve of a Zener diode and to determine its reverse breakdown voltage.
- To study the characteristics of a common-emitter npn or pnp transistor and to find out the values of current and voltage gains.
- To determine the reflective index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
- To find the refractive index of a liquid by using (i) Concave mirror. (ii) Convex lens and plane mirror.
Activities Section-A
- To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.
- To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery, resistor rheostat, key ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.
- To assemble a household circuit comprising three, bulbs, three (on/off) switches, a – fuse and a power source.
- To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current.
- To measure resistance, voltage (AC/DC), current (AC) and check continuity of a given circuit using a multimeter.
- To measure the resistance and impedance of an inductor with or without iron core.
- To demonstrate (i) The use of an improvised fuse that melts with the flow of a certain current through it and (ii) Different kinds of fuses used in everyday life.
- To demonstrate that a current measuring device has finite nonzero resistance. (measurement of resistance of an ammeter).
- To demonstrate that a voltage measuring device has non-infinite resistance (a measurement of resistance of a voetmeter).
- To show that the earth's magnetic field has both vertical & horizontal components, by using a dip needle.
- To show the magnetic field lines with the help of iron fillings of bar magnet solenoid.
- To show the production of induced emf. in a coil due to movement of (i) a magnet towards and away from it (ii) similar coil carrying current towards & away from it.
- To show that there are two kinds of charges and that like charges repel and unlike charges attract each other.
- To demonstrate that a large emf is induced when direct current is switched off in an inductive circuit.
- Make a solenoid for the study of its magnetic field.
SECTION-B
- To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor and 1C, a resistor and a capacity from mixed collection of such items.
- Use of multimeter to (i) identify base of transistor, (ii) distinguish between npn ad pnp type transistors, (iii) see the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and an LED. iv) Check whether a given electronic component (e.g. diode, transistor or IC) is in working order.
- To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab.
- To study the nature arid size of the image formed by (i) convex lens (ii) concave mirror, on a screen by using a candle and a screen (for different distances of the candle from the lens/mirror).
- To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two lenses from the given set of lenses.
- To observe polarization of light using two Polaroids.
- To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit. 8. To study the effect of intensity of light (by varying distance of the source) on a D.
- PSEB 12th Syllabus for Chemistry
- PSEB 12th Syllabus for Biology
- PSEB 12th syllabus for Mathematics
- PSEB Class 12th Geography Syllabus
- PSEB 12th Home Science Syllabus
- PSEB Class 12 Computer Application Syllabus
- PSEB 12th Syllabus for Economics
PSEB 12th Syllabus for Chemistry
The total marks allocated for Biology examination is 100 — 70 marks for the theory exam and 30 marks for the practical assessment (including five marks for internal assessment). The syllabus for UP Board Class 12 Chemistry is given below:
| Unit |
Topics |
Marks |
|---|---|---|
| UNIT-I Solutions |
Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties - relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult's Law, the elevation of B.P., depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass. Vant Hoff factor. |
07 |
| UNIT-II Electro-chemistry |
Redox reactions; conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity, variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch's Law, electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary idea) dry cell-electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells; lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, fuel cells; corrosion. Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of the cell. |
06 |
| UNIT-III Chemical-kinetics |
Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rates of reaction; concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction: rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and' half-life (only for zero and first-order reactions); concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment). Activation Energy, Arrhenius equation. |
05 |
| UNIT-IV Surface Chemistry |
Absorption physisorption and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids; catalysis; homogenous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity; enzyme catalysis; colloidal state: distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions; lyophilic, lyophobic, multimolecular and macromolecular/colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation; emulsion-types of emulsions. |
05 |
| UNIT-V General Principles and Process of Isolation of Elements |
Principles and methods of extraction – concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and Iron. |
02 |
| UNIT-VI p-block elements |
Group16 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen; preparation, properties and uses; classification of oxides; Ozone. Sulphur - allotropic forms; compounds of sulphur preparation, properties and uses of sulphur dioxide, sulphuric acid, industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only). Group 17 elements: (General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens; preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens (structures only). Group 18 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration. Occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses. |
08 |
| UNIT-VII d and f-block elements |
General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first-row transition metals-metallic character, ionization, enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic properties, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation. Preparation and properties of K2Cr2O7, and KMnO4. Lanthanoids- electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and consequences. Actenoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states. |
07 |
| UNIT-VIII Coordination Compounds |
Coordination compounds - introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, bonding; Werner’s theory VBT, CFT, Isomerism (structure and stereo) importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems). |
02 |
| UNIT-IX Haloalkanes and Haloarenes |
Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions, optical rotation. Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for monosubstituted compounds only)Uses and environmental effects of - dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT. |
06 |
| UNIT-X Alcohol, Phenols and Ether |
Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only); identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration, uses, with special reference to - methanol and ethanol. Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols. Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses. |
05 |
| UNIT-XI Aldehyde, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids |
Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, and mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes; uses. Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses. |
05 |
| UNIT-XII Organic Compounds containing Nitrogen Compounds |
Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Cyanides and Isocyanides - will be mentioned at relevant places in context. Diazonium Salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry. |
03 |
| UNIT-XIII Biomolecules |
Carbohydrates - Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); importance Proteins - Elementary idea of amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides proteins, primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes. Vitamins: Classification and functions. Harmones: Elementary idea (excluding structure) Nucleic Acids: DNA & RNA |
03 |
| UNIT-XIV Polymers |
Classification - natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization. Some important polymers; natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon, polyesters, bakelite, rubber. Biodegradable and NonBiodegradable Polymers. |
04 |
| UNIT-XV Chemistry in Everyday Life |
1. Chemicals in medicines analgesic, tranquillizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines. 2. Chemicals in food- preservatives, artificial sweetening agents. Elementary idea of antioxidants. 3. Cleansing agents- soaps and detergents, cleansing action. |
02 |
Practical Assessment
| Evaluation Scheme |
Marks |
|---|---|
| Volumetric Analysis |
07 |
| Salt Analysis |
07 |
| Content-Based Experiment |
05 |
| Project Work |
03 |
| Class record and viva |
03 |
| Total |
25 |
Practical Syllabus
- Surface Chemistry
- Preparation of one lyophilic and one lyophobic sol. Lyophilic sol - starch, egg albumin and gum. Lyophobic sol - aluminium hydroxide, ferric hydroxide, arsenious sulphide.
- Study of the role of emulsifying in stabilizing the emulsions of different oils.
- Chemical Kinetics
- Effect of concentration and temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid.
- Study of reaction rates of any one of the following:-
- The reaction of iodide ion with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature using different concentration of iodide ions.
- Reaction between potassium iodate, KIO3, and sodium sulphite: (Na2 SO3) using starch solution as indicator (clock reaction)
- Thermochemistry: Any one of the following experiments
a.Enthalpy of dissolution of copper sulphate or potassium nitrate.
- Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid (HCl) and strong base (NaOH)
- Determination of enthalpy change during interaction (Hydrogen bond formation) between acetone and chloroform.
- Electrochemistry: Variation of cell potential in Zn/Zn+2IICu+2/Cu with change in concentration of electrolytes (CuSO4 or ZnSO4 at room temperature.
- Chromatography
- Separation of pigments from extracts of leaves and flowers by paper chromatography and determination of Rf values.
- Separation of constituents present in an inorganic mixture containing two cations only (constituents having a wide difference in Rf, values to be provided).
- Determination of concentration/morality of KMnO4, solution by titrating it against a standard solution of:
- Oxalic acid.
- Ferrous ammonium sulphate. (Students will be required to prepare standard solutions by weighing themselves).
- Preparation of Inorganic Compounds
- Preparation of double salt of ferrous ammonium sulphate or potash alum.
- Preparation of potassium ferric oxalate
- Preparation of Organic Compounds: Preparation of any two of the following compounds
- Acetanilide
- Di-benzal acetone
- p-Nitroacetanilide
- Aniline yellow òr 2-Naphthol aniline dye.
- Iodoform
- Test for the functional groups present in organic compounds: Unsaturation, Alcoholic, Phenolic, Aldehydic, Ketonic, Carboxylic and Amino (primary) groups.
- Study of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in pure form and detection of their presence in given foodstuffs.
- Qualitative analysis: Determination of one catiop and one anion in a given salt. Cations- Pb2+, Cu2+, As3+, Al3+, Fe3+, Mn 2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ni 2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4 + Anions
(Note: Insoluble salts excluded)
PROJECT
Scientific investigations involving laboratory testing and collecting information from other sources.
A few suggested Projects
- Study of presence of oxalate ions in guava fruit at different stages of ripening.
- Study of quantity of casein present in different samples of milk.
- Preparation of soybean milk and its comparison with the natural milk with respect to curd formation, effect of temperature, etc.
- Study of the effect of potassium bisulphate as food preservative under various conditions (temperature, concentration, time, etc.)
- Study of digestion of starch by salivary amylase and effect of PH and temperature on it.
- Comparative study of the rate of fermentation of following material wheat flour, gram flour, Potato juice, carrot juice, etc.
- Extraction of essential oils present in saunf (aniseed), Ajwain (carum) illaichi (cardamom).
- Study of common food adulterants in fat, oil, butter, sugar, turmeric powder, chilli powder and pepper.
Note: Any investigatory project, which involves about 10 periods of work, can be chosen with the approval of the teacher.
PSEB 12th Syllabus for Biology
The total marks allocated for the examination is 100 — 70 marks for theory paper,25 marks for the practical assessment and 05 marks for the internal assessment.
| Unit |
Topics |
Marks |
|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Reproduction o Reproduction in Organisms Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organism for continuation of species; Modes of reproduction-Asexual and sexual reproduction; Modes – Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in plants. o Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollinationtypes, agencies and examples; Outbreedings devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events-Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes-apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed dispersal and fruit formation. o Human Reproduction Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation, embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation (Elementary idea). o Reproductive Health Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control – Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies-IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary ides for general awareness). |
14 |
| 2 |
Genetics and Evolution o Heredity and Variation Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism-Incomplete dominance, Codominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination-In humans, birds, honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex-linked inheritance – Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans- Thalassemia; Chromosomal disorders in humans; Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes. o Molecular Bases of Inheritance Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulation- Lac Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA fingerprinting. o Evolution Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (Paleontological, Comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin’s contribution, Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution-Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; HardyWeinberg’s principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution. |
18 |
| 3 |
Biology and Human Welfare o Human Health and Diseases Pathogens/ parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, dengue, chikungunya, ringworm); Basic concepts of immunology-vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AID’s; Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse. o Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Improvement in food production: Plant breeding, tissues culture, single-cell protein, Biofortification, Apiculture and animal husbandry. o Microbes in human welfare In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation and Microbes as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers, Antibioticsproduction. |
14 |
| 4 |
Biotechnology and its Application o Biotechnology Principles and Processes Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology). o Biotechnology and its Applications Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy; genetically modified organisms- Bt crops; Transgenic Animals; Biosafety issues-Biopiracy and patents |
10 |
| 5 |
Ecology and Environment o Organisms and Populations Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche; Population and ecological adaptations; Population interactions-mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; Population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. o Ecosystem Patterns, components; productivity and decompositions; Energy flow; Pyramids of number, biomass, energy; Nutrients cycling (carbon and phosphorous); Ecological succession; Ecological Services-Carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen release. o Biodiversity and Conservation Concepts of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, National parks and sanctuaries. o Environmental Issues Air pollution and its control; Water pollution and its control; Agrochemicals and their effects; Solid waste management; Radioactive waste management; Greenhouse effect and global warming; Ozone depletion; Deforestation; Any three case studies as success stories addressing environmental issues. |
14 |
| Total |
70 |
|
Structure of Practical Assessment for Class 12 Biology
| Evaluation Scheme |
Marks |
|---|---|
| One Major Experiment |
4 |
| One Minor Experiment |
3 |
| Slide Preparation |
3 |
| Spotting |
7 |
| Practical Record + Viva Voce |
4 |
| Project Record + Viva Voce |
4 |
| Total |
25 |
- List of Experiments
- Study pollen germination on a slide.
- Collect and study soil from at least two different sites and study them for texture, moisture content, pH and water holding capacity. Correlate with the kinds of plants found in them.
- Collect water from two different water bodies around you and study them for pH, clarity and presence of any living organism.
- Study the presence of suspended particulate matter in air at two widely different sites.
- Study the plant population density by quadrat method.
- Study the plant population frequency by quadrat method.
- Prepare a temporary mount of onion root tip to study mitosis.
- Study the effect of different temperatures and three different pH on the activity of salivary amylase on starch.
- Isolate DNA from available plant material such as spinach, green pea seeds, papaya, etc.
- Study/ observation of the following (Spotting)
- Flowers adapted to pollination by different agencies (wind, insects, birds).
- Pollen germination on stigma through a permanent slide.
- Identification of stages of gamete development, i.e., T.S. of testis and T.S. of ovary through permanent slides (from grasshopper/mice).
- Meiosis in onion bud cell or grasshopper testis through permanent slides.
- T.S. of blastula through permanent slides(Mammalian).
- Mendelian inheritance using seeds of different colour/sizes of any plant.
- Prepared pedigree charts of any one of the genetic traits such as rolling of tongue, blood groups, ear lobes, widow's peak and colourblindness.
- Controlled pollination - emasculation, tagging and bagging.
- Common disease-causing organisms like Ascaris, Entamoeba, Plasmodium, any fungus causing ringworm through permanent slides or specimens. Comment on symptoms of diseases that they cause.
- Two plants and two animals (models/virtual images) found in xeric conditions. Comment upon their morphological adaptations.
- Two plants and two animals (models/virtual images) found in aquatic conditions. Comment upon their morphological adaptations.
Internal Assessment
Total = 05 Marks
Book Bank =2 marks
Average of Periodic assessment tests = 3 marks
PSEB 12th syllabus for Mathematics
The total marks allocated for Mathematics examination is 100 – 80 for theory exam and 20 marks for internal assessment. The syllabus for PSEB Class 12 Mathematics is given below:
| Unit Name |
Marks |
|---|---|
| Unit I: Relations and Functions Relations and Functions: Types of relations: Reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations. One to one and onto functions, composite functions, inverse of a function. Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Definition, Range, Domain, Principal value branches. Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions. Elementary properties of inverse trigonometric functions |
08 |
| Unit II: Algebra Matrices: Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices. Operation of matrices. Addition and multiplication and multiplication with a scalar. Simple properties of addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication. Non-commutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of order 2). Concept of elementary row and column operations. Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists; (Here all matrices will have real entries). Determinants: 3 matrices), properties of´Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 determinants, minors, cofactors and applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix. Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equation by examples, solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix. |
10 |
| Unit III: Calculus Continuity and Differentiability: Continuity and Differentiability, derivative of composite functions, chain rule, derivative of inverse trigonometric functions, derivative of implicit function. Concepts of exponential and logarithmic functions. Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions. Logarithmic differentiation, derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms. Second-order derivatives. Rolle’s and Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorems (without proof) and their geometric interpretation. Applications of Derivatives: Applications of derivatives: rate of change of bodies, increasing/ decreasing functions, tangents and normals, use of derivatives in approximation, maxima and minima (first derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative test given as a provable tool). Simple problems (that illustrate basic principles and understanding of the subject as well as real-life situations). Integrals: Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of functions by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts, Evaluation of simple integrals of the following types and problems based on them. Definite integrals as a limit of a sum. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof). Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals Applications of the Integrals: Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, circles/parabolas/ellipses (in standard form only), area between any of the two above said curves (the region should be clearly identifiable). Differential Equations: Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential equation. Formation of differential equation whose general solution is given. Solution of differential equations by method of separation of variables, solutions of homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree. Solutions of linear differential equation of the type: |
35 |
| Unit IV: Vectors and Three-Dimensional Geometry Vectors: Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction cosines and direction ratios of vectors. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position vector of a point, negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio. Definition, Geometrical Interpretation, properties and application of scalar (dot) product of vectors, vector (cross) product of vectors, scalar triple product of vectors. Three-dimensional Geometry: Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian equations and vector equation of a line, coplanar and skew lines, shortest distance between two lines. Cartesian and vector equation of a plane. Angle between (i) two lines, (ii) two planes, (iii) a line and a plane. Distance of a point from a plane. |
14 |
| Unit V: Linear Programming Linear Programming: Introduction, related terminology such as constraints, objectives function, optimization, different types of linear programming (L.P.) problems, mathematical formulation of L.P problems, graphical method of solution for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible regions (bounded or unbounded), feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints) |
05 |
| Unit VI: Probability Probability: Conditional probability, multiplication theorem on probability, independent events, total probability, Baye’s theorem, Random variable and its probability distribution, mean and variance of random variable. |
08 |
| Total |
80 |
Internal Assessment
| INTERNAL ASSESSMENT |
Marks |
|---|---|
| Mathematics Activities |
10 |
| Periodic Tests (Best 2 out of 3 tests conducted) |
8 |
| Book Bank |
2 |
Conduct of Periodic Tests
- Periodic Test is a Pen and Paper assessment which is to be conducted by the subject teacher.
- In the entire Academic Year, three Periodic Tests in each subject may be conducted.
- Once schools complete the conduct of all three periodic tests, they will convert the weightage of each of the three tests into ten marks each for identifying best two tests. The best two will be taken into consideration and the average of the two shall be taken as the final marks for PT.
- The school will ensure simple documentation to keep a record of performance.
Assessment of Activity Work
The time duration of the activity work is two hours. Throughout the year any 10 activities shall be performed by the student from the activities given in the NCERT Laboratory Manual for the respective class (XI or XII) which is available on the link: http://www.ncert.nic.in/exemplar/labmanuals.html A record of the same may be kept by the student. A year-end test on the activity may be conducted at the School Level. The weightage are as under:
| The activities and one of the projects performed by the student throughout the year and recordkeeping
|
5 |
| Assessment of the activity performed during the year-end test |
3 |
| Viva-voce |
2 |
Activities
- To verify that the relation R in the set L of all lines in a plane, defined by R={(l, m):l symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive.
- To verify that the relation R in the set L of all lines in a plane, defined by R = {(l, m):l || m} is an equivalence relation.
- To demonstrate a function which is not one-one but is onto.
- To demonstrate a function which is one-one but not onto.
- To draw the graph of sin–1 x, using the graph of sin x and demonstrate the concept of mirror reflection (about the line y = x).
- To explore the principal value of the function sin–1 x using a unit circle.
- To sketch the graphs of an x and logax, a > 0, a ≠ 1 and to examine that they are mirror images of each other. 8. To establish a relationship between common logarithm (to the base 10) and natural logarithm (to the base e) of the number x.
- To find analytically the limit of a function f (x) at x = c and also to check the continuity of the function at that point. is) x 0(–f ) x D+ x 0 ( f = y D
- To verify that for a function f to be continuous at given point x0, x is sufficiently small. DArbitrarily small provided.
- To verify Rolle’s Theorem.
- To verify Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem.
- To understand the concepts of decreasing and increasing functions.
- To understand the concepts of local maxima, local minima and point of inflection.
- To understand the concepts of absolute maximum and minimum values of a function in a given closed interval through its graph.
- To construct an open box of maximum volume from a given rectangular sheet by cutting equal squares from each corner.
- To find the time when the area of a rectangle of given dimensions become maximum, if the length is decreasing and the breadth is increasing at given rates.
- To verify that amongst all the rectangles of the same perimeter, the square has the maximum area.
- To evaluate the definite integral as the limit of the sum and verify it by actual integration.
- To verify geometrically that
- To verify that angle in a semi-circle is a right angle, using vector method.
- To locate the points to given coordinates in space, measure the distance between two points in space and then to verify the distance using distance formula.
- To demonstrate the equation of a plane in normal form.
- To verify that the angle between two planes is the same as the angle between their normals.
- To find the distance of given point (in space) from a plane (passing through three non-collinear points) by actual measurement and also analytically.
- To measure the shortest distance between two skew lines and verify it analytically.
- To explain the computation of conditional probability of a given event A, when event B has already occurred, through an example of throwing a pair of dice.
Projects
Project work in mathematics may be performed individually by a student or jointly by a group of students. These projects may be in the form of construction such as curve sketching or drawing of graphs, etc. It may offer a discussion of a topic from history of mathematics involving the historical development of particular subject in Mathematics/topics on concepts. Students may be allowed to select the topics of their own choice for projects in Mathematics. The teacher may act as a facilitator by creating interest in various topics. Once the topic has been selected, the student should read as much about the topic as is available and finally prepare the project.
- To minimise the cost of the food, meeting the dietary requirements of the staple food of the adolescent students of your school.
- Estimation of the population of a particular region/country under the assumptions that there is no migration in or out of the existing population in a particular year.
- Finding the coordinates of different points identified in your classroom using the concepts of three-dimensional geometry and also find the distances between the identified points.
- Formation of differential equation to explain the process of cooling of boiled water to a given room temperature.
- Project on history of Mathematicians: It may include history of Indian mathematicians such as Aryabhata, Brahmgupta, Varahamihir, Sridhara, Bhaskaracharya, Ramanujan, etc., and history of foreign mathematicians such as Cantor, Pythagoras, Thales, Euclid, Apollonius, Descartes, Fermat, Leibnitz, Euler, Fibonac, Gauss, Newton, etc.
- On linear Programming problems related to day-to-day life like collecting data from families of their expenditures and requirements from the factories to maximum output.
- Collect data from dieticians, transporters, agents and formulate linear programming problems.
- Make a chart of the formulae of applications of calculus.
- Applications of conic sections, vectors, three-dimensional geometry, calculus, etc., in Mathematics and Physics.
- Mathematics and Chemistry: Study structure of organic compounds.
- Mathematics and Biology: Study of science of heredity, etc.
- Mathematics and Music
- Mathematics and Environment
- Mathematics and Arts: Construction of shapes using curves
- Mathematics and Information and Communication Technology: Writing of Mathematical programmes, flow charts, algorithm, circuit diagrams, etc.
- Collection of statistical data and analysing it for standard deviation and mean deviation.
- Observe the various patterns and properties in Pascal’s triangle and make a project.
- Prepare a project based on the Fibonacci sequence, their properties and similar pattern found in nature. 19. Form a differential equation for the growth of bacteria in different environments.
- Study the nature of mathematics and make a project showing where three aspects of nature of mathematics - formalism, logic, intuition is applied in the development of Mathematics.
PSEB Class 12th Geography Syllabus
This subject is divided into three segments; 70 marks for theory, 20 marks for practical and 10 marks are under C.C.E.
Structure of Theory
- Unit-I Nature & Scope of Geography & its branches
- Unit-II Human resources
- Unit-III Economic Geography: Types of Economic Activities
- Unit-IV Transport, Communication & Trade
- Unit-V Geographical Perspective on selective issues
PSEB 12th Home Science Syllabus
This subject is divided into three segments; 60 marks for theory, 30 marks for practical and 10 marks are under C.C.E.
Structure of Theory
SECTION – A (Food and Nutrition)
- Food, Nutrition, and Health
- Nutrients and nourishment
- Meal Planning
- Food selection, storage, preparation and preservation at home
- Food Safety
- Diet therapy
SECTION –B (Human Development)
- Beginning of Motherhood
- Prenatal Physiological Processes
- Birth process
- Postnatal care of mother
- Care of newborn
- Infant stimulation
PSEB Class 12 Computer Application Syllabus
This subject is divided into three segments; 60 marks for theory, 30 marks for practical and 10 marks are under C.C.E.
Structure of Theory
- Introduction to C++
- Data types variables and constant
- Control statements
- Functions
- Arrays
- Classes and Objects
- Constructor, Destructor and function overloading
- Inheritance
- Information Technology
PSEB 12th Syllabus for Economics
This subject is divided into two segments; 90 marks for theory and 10 marks are for C.C.E.
Structure of Theory
PART-A (INTRODUCTORY MICROECONOMICS)
- Unit–1 Introduction
- Unit-2 Consumer behaviour and demand
- Unit-3 Producer behaviour and supply
- Unit-4 FORMS OF MARKET AND PRICE DETERMINATION
PART-B (INTRODUCTORY MACROECONOMICS)
- Unit-5 National income and related aggregate
- Unit-6 Determination of income and employment.
- Unit-7 Money and banking
- Unit-8 Government budget and the economy
- Unit-9 Balance of trade and balance of payments.
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