Chemistry NCERT Exemplar Solutions Class 12th Chapter Fourteen: Overview, Questions, Preparation

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The Correct option is b Glycogen resembles amylopectin in structure. It's a ? −D− glucose unit branched chain polymer with C₁−C₄ glycosidic linkage and C1−C6 glycosidic linkage branching. The structure of amylopectin is depicted in the diagram below.

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Ans: The Correct option is b. In humans and animals, glycogen is mostly synthesized and stored in the liver and skeletal muscle cells. Glycogen accounts for around 5-6% of the liver's fresh weight, and an adult liver weighing  1.5kg can store approximately 100-120 gms of glycogen.

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Sucrose is a disaccharide (sometimes known as cane sugar). One molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose are produced when sucrose is digested. The reaction is depicted in the diagram below.

Correct option is c.

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The configuration of different anomers  at C-I is distinct. It is known as the form if the hydroxyl group (-OH) is present on the right side of anomeric carbon, and it is known as the? form if the hydroxyl group is present on the left side. As a result, option (c) represents anomers among all the supplied pairs.

Correct option is c.

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Hydrogen bonds hold the α− helical structure of proteins together. A polypeptide chain creates all potential hydrogen bonds by twisting into a

right-handed helix with the −NH group of each amino acid residue hydrogen linked to a>C=O neighboring turn of helix.

Correct option is C

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Ans: The Correct option is b.

The structure described in option (b) reflects sucrose, which has a C₁−C₂ glycosidic bond between α−D− glucose and β−D− fructose.

This is a non-reducing sugar since the reducing groups of glucose and fructose are involved in the creation of glycosidic linkages.

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Ans: The Correct option is b.

Ascorbic acid is the chemical name for vitamin C. Aspartic acid is an amino acid, adipic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with an eight-carbon chain, and saccharic acid is a dicarboxylic acid made by oxidising glucose with HNO₃ Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin that serves a variety of activities in the human body.

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(a) 5′ and 3′ linkages are present between pentose sugars of nucleotides.

Phosphodiester links the two nucleotides together to form a dinucleotide.

Between the pentose sugars of nucleotides, there are 5′ and 3′ connections. In the process of adding phosphate to a dinucleotide, a significant quantity of energy is consumed.

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The Correct option is b.

Nucleic acids are nucleotide polymers linked together by phosphodiester linkage. DNA and RNA are two examples. Nucleotides are formed by linking of nucleosides with three phosphate groups consuming a significant amount of energy making it an endothermic reaction.

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The Correct option is c.

The pyranose form of glucose, which has a five-membered ring structure, is found. As a result, option (c) is wrong.

Glucose is a six-carbon monosaccharide with an aldehyde group. As a result, it's referred to as an aldohexose. As a result, the statement in option (a) is correct.

When glucose is cooked with HI, n-hexane is produced. All six carbon atoms in glucose are linked together in a straight chain during this procedure. As a result, the statement in option (b) is correct.

The aldehyde group is not free in the cyclic structure. As a result, there is no positive 2-4 DNP test available. As a result, the statement in option (D) is correct.

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The Correct option is a.

Proteins contain one or more polypeptide chains. When each polypeptide of a protein's amino acids is joined in a precise order, a proteins' main structure is referred to as its primary structure. This one is the linear structure with no bonds other than the ones between adjacent amino acids. The sequence of amino acids in the primary structure is pre-determined by the genetic code of an individual and thus is a specific sequence.

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The Correct option is c.

The four bases contained in DNA are adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine. Adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine are the four bases of RNA. As a result, RNA does not include thymine as in place of thymine, it has uracil which is a lesser stable nucleotide base and is somewhat responsible for RNA's instability but also lends it some flexibility to change.

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The Correct option is d.

Water-soluble vitamins are those in the B group. B group vitamins cannot be stored in our systems since they are quickly excreted; but, because they are B₁₂ insoluble in water, our bodies may store the vitamin. Because our systems are unable to store these vitamins, options (a), (b), and (c) are excluded.

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The Correct option is d.

Adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine are the four bases found in DNA. As a result, uracil is not found in DNA as we cannot identify it among the other nucleotides that are present in the DNA. Uracil is, however, seen in RNA, another nucleic acid found in most of the organisms.

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Ans: The Correct option is a.

Anomers are cyclic monosaccharide structures that differ structurally at carbon-1. In this scenario, I and II are anomers since they differ only at carbon -1.

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The Correct option is c.

The absence of a free (-CHO) aldehyde group is indicated by the fact that glucose pentaacetate does not react with hydroxylamine. The open structure of glucose cannot account for this, although the open chain structure of glucose can account for all other features.

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The Correct option is a.

In the same way as (+) glyceraldehyde has a group on the lowest asymmetric carbon on the right side, the I, II, and III structures have a (-OH) group on the lowest asymmetric carbon on the right side giving them a D-configuration.

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The Correct option is c.

In the cyclic structure of glucose or fructose, anomeric carbon is carbon that is close to an oxygen atom. As shown in the structure above, atoms 'a' and 'b' are close to the oxygen atom, and the hydroxyl groups of both carbon atoms have different orientations.

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Correct option is C.

The links between C₁ and C₄ of glucose are shown as 'A' and ' C, ' respectively, whilst the linkage between C₁ and C₆ of the glucose units is shown as ' B. ' Furthermore, option (c) is clearly correct based on the structures.

Because ' B ' is the bond or link between the glucose units of C1 and C6 and, option (b) is wrong.

Option (a) is wrong because the relationship between C₁ and C₄ and is represented by 'C.'

Because 'A' is the hyperlink between C₁ and C₄ the glucose units of and, option (d) is wrong.

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Correct options are b and d.

Sucrose is a common disaccharide that breaks down into an equimolar mixture of D- (+)- glucose and D- (-)- fructose when hydrolyzed. These two monosaccharides are held together by a glycosidic bond between C₁ of α - glucose and C₂ of β fructose. Because the reducing groups of glucose and fructose are involved in the formation of glycosidic linkages, sucrose is a non-reducing sugar.

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Correct options are a and c.

Globular protein is a protein structure that forms when a chain of polypeptides coils around to produce a spherical shape. Insulin and albumin are two examples of water-soluble globular proteins. As a result, (a) and (c) are the correct answers.

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Correct options are b and d.

Amylopectin and Glycogen are the correct choices since they are carbohydrate storage forms found in animal tissues, whereas amylose is made up of 80-85% starch. It's also a branched glucose polymer that branches via C₁ - C₆  glycosidic linkage.

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Correct options are b and d.

Acidic amino acids are divided into two groups, one -COOH group against the other - NH₂ group. As a result, the acidic amino acids (b) and (d) are the only ones among the supplied structures.

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Correct options are a, b and c.

Lysine is an amino acid with the structural formula of (a).

(b) Because the number of groups (two) is more than the number of -COOH groups (one), it is a basic amino acid (one).

Because it is created in human bodies, it is a non-essential amino acid.

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Correct options are a and c.

The cyclic structure of ribose and fructose is five-membered (furanose structures). Like compound furans, they have a five-membered ring.

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Correct options are b and d.

Fibrous protein is generated when the polypeptide chain runs parallel and is held together by hydrogen and disulphide bonds.

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Correct options are a and b.

Purines are made up of a six-membered nitrogen-containing ring joined with a five-membered nitrogen-containing ring.

Purine bases are guanine and adenine, while pyrimidine bases are thymine and uracil.

 

Hence (a) and (b) are correct choices for this question.

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Correct options are a and d.

Enzymes are protein molecules that operate as biocatalysts in the body, facilitating chemical processes. The pace of the reaction is accelerated by these catalysts.

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Lactose sugar is a naturally occurring sugar found in milk. D galactose and D glucose, two monosaccharide molecules, are linked together. As a result, disaccharides are the name given to these oligosaccharides.

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n-hexane is produced when glucose is cooked with HI for a lengthy amount of time. The reaction is depicted in the diagram below.

n-hexane has six carbon atoms joined in a straight chain because glucose has six carbon atoms.

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The sugar moiety of a nucleoside is linked to a phosphoric acid unit, ideally at the 5? position, to form a nucleotide.

The structure is depicted in the diagram below.

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A glycosidic linkage is a linkage that connects monosaccharides in polysaccharides. The covalent bond that joins two or more monosaccharides to produce a polysaccharide is known as this linkage.

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Monosaccharides contain carbonyl groups. As a result, they fall under the aldose or ketose categories. When an aldehyde group is present, the monosaccharides are known as aldose, and when a ketone group is present, the monosaccharides are known as ketose. Fructose is classified as ketohexose because it has six carbons and a keto group in its chemical formula (C6H12O6) 

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In the above given structure, the hydroxyl group (−OH) present at the last chiral carbon atom of the molecule, that is, C5, is directed towards the left. As a result, the given compound has an ' L '- configuration.

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Aldo-pentoses like ribose and 2 - deoxyribose are sugar moieties found in nucleic acids like RNA and DNA. The structures of these sugars are illustrated below. Both aldopentoses' D- configuration is configuration.

β−D-ribose is mentioned, and its structure is depicted below.

The structure of as β−D-deoxyribose, 2 - deoxyribose is given in the diagram below.

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Invert sugar is another name for sucrose. Sugar beet sugar is a colourless, crystalline, and sweet substance made from sugar beets. It is very water soluble and has a dextrorotatory aqueous solution [α]D=+66.5? When cane sugar is hydrolyzed with dilute acids or the enzyme invertase, it creates an equimolar mixture of D− (+)− glucose and D− (−)− fructose. Sucrose is dextrorotatory as a result, and hydrolysis produces dextrorotatory glucose and laevorotatory fructose. Fructose's specific rotation is greater than that of glucose. As a result, the ensuing solution is laevorotatory in nature, having a rotational axis of The reaction is known as inversion, and the mixture of D− (+)− glucose and D− (−)− fructose is known as invert sugar, because the sign of rotation changes from dextro before hydrolysis to laevo after hydrolysis by (−39.9? ).

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To make a polypeptide chain, the amino acid must be linked to the α− carbon of the molecule. The removal of water molecules from an α− amino acid results in the formation of a polypeptide chain.

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The formation of intramolecular H-bonding between the >C=O groups of amino acids in one turn and the? NH? groups of amino acids in the following turn stabilises a polypeptide chain in the a-helix shape of protein.

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Oxidoreductases are enzymes that participate in redox reactions that involve oxidation reduction. They act as catalysts; one of these enzymes is Alcohol Dehydrogenase, which decreases the amount of alcohol in the human body after ingestion.

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During the curdling process, the lactose sugar in milk is converted to lactic acid.

Milk curdling is caused by lactic acid-producing bacteria found in milk. Protein denaturation is an example. When a protein is exposed to physical or chemical alterations, it is said to be modified. The hydrogen bond has been shattered. Globules open up, helices uncoil, and proteins lose their biological function.

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When glucose is acetylated with acetic anhydride, a penta-acetyl derivative is produced. The reaction is depicted in the diagram below.

This confirms the presence of five -OH groups.

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The given structure A is glucose pentaacetate, which lacks a free hydroxyl? OH or carbon -CHO group. As a result, it cannot be transferred to the open chain form to make a free group, and therefore the oxime is not produced.

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Excess vitamin C is easily removed in the urine since it is water soluble. As a result, it can't be stored in the body and must be ingested frequently.

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Sucrose acts as a dextrorotatory molecule. It produces a mixture of glucose and fructose when hydrolyzed, with particular rotations of +52.5? and −92.4? The net resultant mixture is laevorotatory because fructose laevorotation is greater than glucose dextrorotation. The sign of rotation shifts from dextro to laevo as a result of sucrose hydrolysis, and the resulting compound is known as invert sugar.

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Since both acidic (−COOH) and basic (−NH₂) groups present in amino acids, it act like salts rather than simple amines or carboxylic acids. In Ans, a −COOH a group can release a proton and an amine group can take a proton, resulting in the formation of a dipolar ion known as zwitterion.

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Physical or chemical changes damage hydrogen bonding and other attractive factors. In addition, globules uncoil and the helix uncoils, resulting in a thread-like molecule. As a result, the biological activity of protein secondary and tertiary structures is lost entirely or partially. Protein denaturation is the term for this.

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Biocatalysts are enzymes that act as catalysts in biological reactions. They reduce the size of activation energy by finding a suitable path. Because the enzyme sucrase reduces the activation energy of sucrose hydrolysis from to, enzyme-catalyzed reactions occur at a much faster rate than traditionally catalysed ones. 

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Glucose reacts with hydroxylamine to form a monoxime, which is then combined with one molecule of hydrogen cyanide to form cyanohydrin. The reactions are shown in the table below.

It has a carbonyl group as a consequence, which can be an aldehyde or a ketone. Gluconic acid, a carboxylic acid containing six carbon atoms, is formed when glucose is gently oxidised with bromine water.

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Nucleosides are linked to phosphoric acid at the 5′ position of the sugar moiety to produce a nucleotide. Furthermore, phosphodiester linkage between the 5′ and 3′ carbon atoms of pentose sugar bonds nucleotides (two molecules) together to generate dinucleotide. Phosphoric acid aids in the formation of this connection.

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Two monosaccharide molecules are linked by an oxide bond generated by the loss of a water molecule. Glycosidic linkage is the joining of two monosaccharide units by an oxygen atom.

Disaccharides, trisaccharides, and polysaccharides all have glycosidic linkage.

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Starch has α - glucose units, and cellulose has β−D− glucose units. In starch and glycogen, there is α−I glycosidic linkage, and in cellulose, there is glycosidic connection β - between glucose units.

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Enzyme active sites bind the substrate molecule in a favourable location so that the reagent may attack it effectively. At each site in an enzyme, there is a substrate binding site to which the substrate binds and the reaction then proceeds.

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Sugars are mainly classified into two configurations: D− configuration and L− configuration, each of which have individual distinct structures. These configurations are expressed in terms of the standard glyceraldehyde which are basically of two types:

D− (+)− Glyceraldehyde and L− (−)− Glyceraldehyde. The D− configuration has −OH attached to the carbon near to −CH₂OH on the right, whereas the L− configuration has −OH attached to the carbon adjacent to −CH₂OH on the left. The sugars are designated D− and L− depending on whether the molecule's conformation is related to D− glyceraldehyde or L-glyceraldehyde. It has been discovered that all naturally occurring sugars, such as D− glucose, D− ribose, and D− fructose, belong to the D− series.

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Glucose with acetic anhydride in the presence of pyridine or a few drops of concentrated H₂SO₄, leads to productions of penta-acetyl derivatives which shows that there are five hydroxyl groups. One hydroxyl group is a primary (1^? ) alcoholic, whereas the other four (C₂, C₃, C₄, and C₅) hydroxyl or −OH groups are all labelled as secondary (2^? ) alcoholics.

When glucose (or gluconic acid) is oxidized in the presence of HNO₃, it produces saccharic acid (a dicarboxylic acid), showing that the primary (1? ) alcoholic group is oxidized to −COOH, but only under extreme of the conditions, the secondary (2^? ) hydroxyl groups undergo oxidation and participate in the reaction.

 

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When an egg is cooked, the soluble globular protein albumin transforms into an insoluble fibrous protein. Bioactivity is lost throughout the denaturation process.

(ii) Albumin protein's secondary and tertiary structures are destroyed, but the primary structure (which contains the -amino acid sequence) is unaffected.

Although egg white is a fluid Ans, when it is cooked, the proteins get denatured and solidify as a result of coagulation.

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  (i) → (c), (f) (ii) → (g) (iii) → (a) (iv) → (h) (v) → (d), (i) (vi) → (e), (vii) → (b)

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(i) → (d) (ii) → (c) (iii) → (e) (iv) → (a) (v) → (b)

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Ans: (iii)

Because D (+) - glucose causes plane polarised light to rotate to the right, it is

dextrorotatory. D denotes the relative configuration of glucose in regard to

glyceraldehyde in this situation. As a result, assertion is the proper statement, while

reason is the incorrect statement.

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Ans:  (i)

Vitamins that are fat soluble are soluble in fats and oils but insoluble in water. They can be stored in the liver as well as adipose (fat-storing) tissues and are not excreted in urine . As a result, both assertion and reason are true assertions, and reason clarifies the assertion.

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Ans: (iv)

Maltose is made up of two? D? glucose units, one of which, C?1, is coupled to the C?4 of the other one. As a result, maltose contains a? glycosidic linkage. As a result, the assertion is a false statement, but the reason is true.

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Ans:  (v)

All other naturally occurring alpha-amino acids, with the exception of glycine, are optically active due to the asymmetry of the α - carbon atom. Both of these ' D ' and ' L ' configurations are available. The majority of amino acids found in nature have a L− configuration. The group on the left side is used to designate L− amino acids.

naturally occurring amino acids have a configuration. The −NH₂ group on the left side is used to indicate amino acids.

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Ans:  (ii)

When DNA (or RNA) is completely hydrolyzed, it produces a 5 carbon based sugar called pentose sugar, phosphoric acid, and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic molecules (called bases). The sugar moiety of the nucleic acid, DNA is β−D−2− deoxyribose. Therefore, both assertion and reason are wrong statements.

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Ans:  (ii)

Non-essential amino acids are amino acids that can be synthesized in the body and need not be taken from outside through diet. Glycine is an example of non-essential amino acids and is available in plenty of foods.

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Ans:  (i)

Because enzyme active sites hold the substrate molecule in a favourable location, a reagent can successfully attack the substrate molecule in the presence of enzyme. As a result, reactions catalysed by enzymes are stereospecific.

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Ans: The open chain structure of glucose explained the majority of its properties. However, it fails to explain the following facts:

I Although glucose has an aldehydic group, it does not undergo all aldehydic reactions.

(a) Glucose does not react with ammonia, for example.

(b) Glucose does not create an addition product when it combines with sodium bisulphite.

(c) Glucose does not pass the Schiff's test or the 2, 4-DNP test, unlike other aldehydes.

(ii) Glucose forms an oxime when it reacts with hydroxylamine, but glucose pentaacetate does not. This proves that glucose pentaacetate contains no aldehyde groups.

(iii) There are two stereoisomeric forms of glucose: glucose and glucose. The melting temperatures and optical rotations of these two crystalline forms are different.

(iv) Mutarotation occurs in an aqueous Ans of glucose, which means that its specific rotation decreases when compared to glucose and increases when compared to glucose.

(v) Glucose produces isomeric methyl glucosides. Two isomeric monomethyl compounds are generated when glucose is burnt with methanol in the presence of dry hydrogen chloride gas.

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Ans: The following evidences are used to assign the given structure:

Molecular formula; of the molecule glucose is found to be C₆H₁₂O₆. 

Straight chain structure: When an aqueous solution of glucose reacts with sodium amalgam, sorbitol (a hexahydric alcohol) is produced by the reaction.

Glucose after a prolonged time of heating with hydroiodic acid and red phosphorus at 100^oC gives a mixture of n-hexane and 2-iodohexane as two products. The reaction is depicted below:

Five hydroxyl groups: When glucose is acetylated in the presence of acetic anhydride, it produces pentaacetate after the reaction. This confirms the presence of five -OH hydroxyl groups in the glucose molecule. The presence of two or more -OH groups on the same carbon atom is known to make the molecules unstable.

Presence of a single primary alcoholic group: When oxidized with concentrated nitric acid, glucose and gluconic acid, these all molecules yield the same product, dicarboxylic acid, saccharic acid, or glucaric acid. The main alcoholic group (CH₂OH) is always present at the end of the carbon chain in the molecule.

Presence of an aldehyde group: Glucose molecule combines with the hydroxylamine (NH₂OH) to produce glucose CHO oxime as the product. This implies that glucose has carbonyl (CHOH)₄ (>C=O) groups as it is needed to react in order to produce an oxime product.

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Ans: Plants and animals employ the following carbohydrates as storage molecules:

(i) Starch, cellulose, sucrose, and other sugars make up the majority of plant material.

(ii) Animals' bodies contain glycogen. Glycogen is commonly referred to as animal starch as a result of this. Glycogen is found in the liver, muscles, and brain, and an enzyme converts glycogen to glucose when the body wants it.

(iii) Cellulose is a type of cellulose that can be found in wood and fabric fibre.

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Proteins can have a single polypeptide chain or many polypeptide chains as their basic structure. A considerable number of α - amino acids are joined in a particular sequence in each polypeptide chain. The specific order in which the various α− amino acids found in a protein are linked to one another is the protein's primary structure. Any change to the main structure, i.e. the amino acid sequence, results in a different protein

Protein secondary structure: Secondary structure defines how polypeptide chains are folded or structured. As a result, the shape or conformation of the protein molecule is determined. This is explained by the planar geometry of the peptide bond and the hydrogen link between the and groups of separate peptide bonds.

An α - helix is a polypeptide chain that twists into a right-handed screw (helix), with the −NH group of each amino acid residue hydrogen bonded to the −C=O group of the next turn of the helix. The a-helix structure is also known as the 3.613 helix structure.

β- pleated sheet structure of proteins: The polypeptide chains are zigzagged side by side in this shape, with alternative R groups on the same side spaced at fixed intervals. The two nearby polypeptide chains are held together by intermolecular H-bonds. This type of interbounded chain can be used to make a sheet. These sheets are then stacked one on top of the other to create a three-dimensional structure, similar to the pages of this book.

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When DNA is fully degraded, a pentose sugar, phosphoric acid, and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds known as bases are produced. Below is a diagram illustrating the structure of sugar and phosphoric acid.

DNA contains four bases adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C) and thymine (T). The structures of all bases are shown below.

The attachment of a base to the 1'-position of sugar produces a nucleoside. When a nucleoside attaches to phosphoric acid at the sugar moiety's 5? position, a nucleotide is formed. Nucleotides are linked through the phosphodiester linkage between the 5' and 3' carbon atoms of the pentose sugar.

In DNA, two nucleic acid chains wrap around each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds between their bases.