HPBOSE 12th Syllabus for Science

I

Electrostatics

Electric Charges; Conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law-force between two point charges, forces between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.

Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole; torque on a dipole in uniform electric field.

Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plans sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside).

Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.

Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor; dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitor and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates; energy stored in a capacitor.

Van de Graaff generator.

07

II

Current Electricity

Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity and mobility, and their relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics, (linear and non-linear) electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity, Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance. Internal resistance of a cell, Potential difference and emf of a cell, a combination of cells in series and parallel. Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications, Wheatstone bridge, Metre bridge.

Potentiometer- principle and its applications to measure potential difference, and for comparing emf of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell.

07

III

Magnetic Effect of Current and Magnetism

Concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment

Biot-Savart law, and its application to current carrying circular loop. Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and tropical solenoids.

Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields Cyclotron.

Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of ampere.

Torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.

Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment; Magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron; Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis.

Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic

07

IV

Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current

Electromagnetic induction, Faraday’s laws, Induced emf and current, Lenz’s law, Eddy currents, Self and mutual inductance. Need for displacement current. Alternating   currents,   peak   and   rms   value   of   alternating   current/voltage,   reactance   and impedance; LC oscillations, (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance; Power in AC circuits, wattles current. AC generator and transformer.

07

V

Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas only); Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves.

Electromagnetic spectrum (radio-waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts about their uses

03

VI

Optics

Reflections of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light total internal reflection and its applications, optical fibers, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens-maker’s formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism.

Scattering of light- blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset.

Optical instruments – Human eye, image formation and accommodation, correction of eye defects (myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia and astigmatism) using lenses. Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflection and refraction) and their magnifying powers.

Wave Optics – Wavefront and Huygen’s principle; reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wavefronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle. Interference- Young’s double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarisation, plane-polarized light, Brewster’s Law; uses of plane Polarized light and Polaroid.

12

VII

Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observation; Einstein’s photoelectric equation-particle nature of light.

Matter waves – wave nature of particles, de-Broglie relation, Davisson Germer experiment.

03

VIII

Atoms and Nuclei

Alpha-particle scattering experiment, Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum.

Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars, isotones, Radioactivityalpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect, binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission and fusion.

04

IX

Electronic Devices

Semiconductors; Semiconductor diode-I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND, and NOR): Transistor as a switch.

06

X

Communication Systems

Elements of a communication system (block diagram only); bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital data); bandwidth of transmission medium. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky and space wave propagation. Need for modulation. Production and detection of an amplitude-modulated wave.

04

An experiment from any section

7

Two activities (One from each section)

6 (3+3)

Practical Record (Experiments and Activities)

5

Record of Demonstration Experiments and Viva (based on these experiments)

2

Viva on Experiments and Activities

5

Total

25

I

Solid State

Classification of Solids based on different binding forces: molecular, ionic covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea), unit cell in two dimensional and three-dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, voids, number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic properties.

03

II

Solutions

Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties-relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of B.P. depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass.

04

III

Electrochemistry

Redox reactions, conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity variations of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell. Electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells; lead accumulator, EMF of a cell standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, fuel cells; corrosion.

05

IV

Chemical Kinetics

Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rates of reaction; concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction; rate law and specific rate constant, integrated rate equations and half-life (only for zero and first-order reactions); concept of collision theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment)

04

V

Surface Chemistry

Adsorption- physisorption and chemisorptions factors affecting adsorption of gases of solids; catalysis: homogenous and heterogeneous activity and selectivity: enzyme catalysis; colloidal state: distinction between true solutions colloids and suspensions; lyophilic, lyophobic multimolecular, and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation; emulsion- types of emulsions.

03

VI

General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements

Principles and methods of extraction- concentration, oxidation, reduction, electrolytic method and refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and Iron.

02

VII

p-Block Elements

Group 15 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; nitrogen- preparation, properties and uses: compounds of nitrogen; preparation, properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen (structure only); Phosphorous-allotropic forms: compounds of phosphorous: preparation and properties of phosphine, halides (PCl3, PCl5) and oxoacids (elementary idea only)

Group 16 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen: preparation, properties and uses; simple oxides; Ozone. Sulphur-allotropic forms; compounds of sulphur: preparation, properties and uses of sulphur dioxide: sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only).

Group 17 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens: preparation, properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens (structure only)

Group 18 Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration. Occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses

06

VIII

d- and f-Block Elements

General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first-row transition metals – metallic character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation. States, ionic radii, colour catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds, alloy formation. Preparation and properties of K2 Cr2 O7 and KMnO4. Lanthanoids- Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and Lanthanoid contraction.

Actinoids- Electronic configuration, oxidation states.

05

IX

Coordination Compounds

Coordination Compounds – introduction, ligands and coordination number, colour, magnetic properties and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds. Bonding; isomerism, importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological system).

03

X

Haloalkanes and Haloarenes

Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of substitution reactions.

Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for mono-substituted compounds only)

Uses and environment effects of –dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, iodoform, freons, DDT.

04

XI

Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary alcohols only); identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of dehydration, uses, some important compounds-methanol and ethanol.

Phenols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature of phenol, electrophilic substitution reactions, uses of phenols.

Ethers: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses.

04

XII

Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids

Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties and mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha hydrogen in aldehydes; uses.

Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties; uses.

05

XIII

Organic Compounds containing Nitrogen

Animes: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, Physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.

Cyanides and Isocyanides: Will be mentioned at relevant places in context.

Diazonium Salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

04

XIV

Biomolecules

Carbohydrates: Classification, (aldoses and ketoses) monosaccharides, (glucose and fructose), oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); importance.

Proteins: Elementary idea of α-amino acids: peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structures and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins: enzymes.

Vitamins: Classification and functions

Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.

03

XV

Polymers

Classification: natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization. Some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon, polyesters, bakelite, rubber.

03

XVI

Chemistry in Everyday life

1.       Chemicals in medicines: analgesics, tranquillizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.

2.       Chemicals in food: preservatives, artificial sweetening agents.

3.       Cleansing agents: soaps and detergents, cleansing action.

02

Volumetric Analysis

08

Salt Analysis

06

Content-Based Experiment

03

Class Record and Viva

04

Investigatory Project

04

Total

25

Surface Chemistry

(a)    Preparation of one lyophilic and one lyophobic sol.

Lyophilic sol-Starch, egg albumin and gum.

Lyophobic sol-aluminum hydroxide, ferric hydroxide, arsenious sulphide.

(b) Study of the role of an emulsifying agent in stabilizing the emulsions of different oils.

Chemical Kinetics

(a) Effect of concentration and temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid.

(b) Study of reaction rates of any one of the following:

(i) Reaction of iodide ion and with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature using different concentration of iodide ions.

(ii) Reaction between potassium iodate, KIO3 and sodium sulphite: (Na2 SO3) using starch solution as indicator (clock reaction).

Thermochemistry

(a) Any one of the following experiments:

(i) Enthalpy of dissolution of copper sulphate or potassium nitrate.

(ii) Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid (HCl) and strong base (NaOH)

(iii) Determination of enthalpy change during interaction (Hydrogen bond formation) between acetone and chloroform.

Electrochemistry

Variation of cell potential in Zn/Zn2+ǁCu2+/Cu with change in concentration of electrolytes (CuSO4 or ZnSO4) at room temperature.

Chromatography

(i) Separation of pigments from extracts of leaves and flowers by pap chromatography and determination of Rf values.

(ii) Separation of constituents present in an inorganic mixture containing cations only (constituents having a wide difference in Rf values to be provided)

Preparation of Inorganic Compounds

(i) Preparation of double salt of ferrous ammonium sulphate or potash alum.

(ii) Preparation of potassium ferric oxalate.

Preparation of Organic Compounds

Preparation of any two of the following compounds

(i)                  Acetanilide

(ii)                Di-benzal acetone

(iii)              p-Nitroacetanilide

(iv)              Aniline yellow or 2-Naphthol aniline dye.

(v)                Iodoform

Test for the functional groups present in organic compounds

Unsaturation, alcoholic, phenolic, aldehydic, ketonic, carboxylic and amino (primary groups)

I. Study of Carbohydrates, fats and proteins in pure form and detection of their presence in given foodstuffs.

J. Determination of concentration/molarity of KMnO4 solution by titrating it against a standard solution of:

(i) Oxalic acid

(ii) Ferrous ammonium sulphate. (Students will be required to prepare standard solutions by weighing themselves)

Qualitative Analysis

Determination of one cation and one anion in a given salt

Cations- Pb2+, Cu2+,As3+, Al3+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Co2+ , Ni2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+

Anions- CO3 2- , S2- , SO3 2- , SO4 2- , NO2, NO3, Cl- , Br- , I- , PO4 3- ; C2O4 2- , CH3COO-

I

Sexual Reproduction

Pollination and Fertilization in Flowering plants.

Development of seeds and fruits.

Human reproduction: reproductive system in male and female, menstrual cycle.

Production of gametes, fertilization, implantation, embryo development, pregnancy and parturition.

11

II

Genetics and Evolution

Mendelian inheritance.

Chromosome theory of inheritance, deviations from Mendelian ratio (gene interaction incomplete dominance, co-dominance, complementary genes, multiple alleles).

Sex determination in human beings: XX, XY Linkage and crossing over. Inheritance pattern of haemophilia and blood groups in human beings.

DNA: replication, transcription, translations. Gene expression and regulation.

Genome and human genome project. DNA fingerprinting. Evolution: Theories and evidences.

17

III

Biology and Human Welfare

Animal Husbandry.

Basic concepts of immunology, Vaccines.

Pathogens, Parasites Plant breeding, tissue culture, food production. Microbes in household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment and ENE generation.

Cancer and AIDS. Adolescence and drug/alcohol abuse.

10

IV

Biotechnology and its Applications

Recombinant DNA technology.

Applications in Health, Agriculture and Industry Genetically modified (GM) organisms; biosafety issues.

Insulin and Bt cotton

10

V

Ecology and Environment

Ecosystem: components, types and energy flow. (88) Species, population and community. Ecological adaptations.

Centres of diversity and conservation of biodiversity national parks and sanctuaries, environmental issues.

12

Two experiments

6 (3+3)

Slide Preparation

4

Spotting

6

Investigatory Project and Viva based on the project

5

Record and Viva based on the experiment

4

Total

25