Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology

1 Photo

VIET Visakhapatnam Admission 2025: Fees, Courses, Eligibility and Selection

Q: What are the courses offered at Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology?

Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology offers seven full-time courses at UG, PG and Diploma levels. The institute offers BTech, BCA and BBA at UG and MBA, MCA and M.Tech at the PG levels. The institute offers AICTE approved courses at VIET in affiliation with JNTUGV Vizianagaram.

Q: What is the seat intake for M.Tech at Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology?

Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology offers a two-year M.Tech course spread across four semesters. Aspirants who have completed graduation can apply for MTech. Below is the seat intake for VIET M.Tech course: MTech Specialisations Intake CAD / CAM 18 CSE 18 Power Systems 18 Structural Engineering 36 VLSI 18 Thermal Engineering 18

Q: How much is the MBA fee at Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology?

The total tuition fee for Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology MBA is INR 70,000. The total fee of MBA is a cumulative of components such as caution deposit, exam fee, etc. Aspirants opting for hostels need to pay a hostel fee at the time of admission.

Q: What is the eligibility for MBA at Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology?

Candidates who have completed graduation with a minimum of 45% aggregate are eligible to apply for Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology MBA programme. Aspirants must hold the documents proving their eligibility for verification at the time of admission.

Q: Which are the MBA specialisations offered at Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology?

Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology offers MBA for two-years at the PG level. The course is spread across four semesters. Candidates after completing graduation can apply for MBA. Below is the MBA specialisations available at VIET: HR Finance Marketing Logistics & Supply Chain Management Health Care & Hospital Management Business Analytics/ Systems

Q: Can I get direct admission at VIET Visakhapatnam?

Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology offers admission to most of the programmes based on state-level entrance exams. The institute considers scores in Andhra Pradesh ICET, Andhra Pradesh EAMCET, Andhra Pradesh PGECET, etc. for admission to specific courses. Besides, the selection for BBA and BCA courses is based on merit of the aspirants in the last qualifying exam. Candidates need to apply for Andhra Pradesh OAMDC for BBA and BCA programmes.

Q: What is the qualification required to apply at Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology?

Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology specifies the minimum qualification and aggregate required to apply for a course. The basic eligibility for UG courses is Class 12 whereas graduation is required for PG courses. Below is course-wise eligibility for VIET: Course Common Eligibility BTech Class 12 with at least 45% aggregate MTech Graduation with a minimum of 50% aggregate MBA Graduation with a minimum of 50% aggregate BCA Class 12 BBA Class 12

Q: How can I get admission at Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology?

Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology admission to most of the programmes is entrance-based. The institute considers the merit of the aspirants in the last qualifying exam for BBA and BCA programmes. Admission to BTech and M.Tech courses based on AP EAMCET and AP PGECET, respectively. For admission to MBA, candidates have a valid score in Andhra Pradesh ICET.

Q: How can I fill admission form at Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology?

Candidates seeking admission at Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology need to fill out a form available on the institute's website. Aspirants also need to fill out the application form for the accepted entrance exam for admission. Below are the steps to fill out Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology admission form: Step 1: Visit the official website of VIET. Step 2: Under the 'Admission' tab, click on 'Online Admission Form'. Step 3: Fill out the details. Step 4: Upload the documents, if required. Step 5: Submit the form.

Q: Are applications open at Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology?

Yes, Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology applications are currently open for all courses. Candidates need to fill out the form for the accepted entrance exam and then on the institute's website for admission. The institute offers admission to the offered programmes based on entrance exam or scores in the qualifying exam.

Visakhapatnam

3.5 /5

(64 Reviews)

43 Student Q&A

A NAAC accredited
Private Institute
Estd. 2008

VIET Visakhapatnam Admissions
What's new?

All the latest updates regarding Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology admissions are as follows:

The AP EAMCET 2025 counselling seat allotment result of the final phase has been published for admission to the BTech course.
The NATA 2026 application form for admission to the BArch course will tentatively be released in February 2026.
The AP ICET Counselling 2025 Final Phase seat allotment results have been announced for admission to MBA/PGDM and MCA courses.
The XAT registration process 2026 is now open for MBA/PGDM courses. The last date to register is Dec 5, 2025. Furthermore, the XAT 2026 exam will be held on Jan 4, 2026.
The GATE 2026 application process is currently open for admission to ME/Mtech and PhD courses. The last date to apply without fine fee has been extended to Oct 6, 2025. The GATE 2026 exam will be held on Feb 7, Feb 8, Feb 14, and Feb 15, 2026.

VIET Visakhapatnam Admissions

Table of content

VIET Visakhapatnam Admission Process 2025
VIET Visakhapatnam Application Process 2025
VIET Visakhapatnam Students review
VIET Visakhapatnam Admission 2025 FAQs

VIET Visakhapatnam Admission Process 2025

VIET Visakhapatnam admission is both merit and entrance-based. The institute considers scores in AP EAMCET, AP ICET, AP PGECE, etc. scores for admission to specific programmes. Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology offers courses at UG and PG levels in Management, Computer Applications and Engineering streams. The institute offers programmes in affiliation with JNTUGV Vizianagaram. Aspirants are offered admission through OAMDC or Online Admissions Module for Degree Colleges in Andhra Pradesh in BCA and BBA courses. Interested candidates can apply for the accepted entrance exam and the preferred course online.

VIET Visakhapatnam Admission 2025: Highlights

VIET offers seven courses in full-time mode at UG and PG levels. The programmes are offered in various specialisations. Aspirants can check below the key highlights related to VIET Visakhapatnam admission:

Particulars	VIET Admission Highlights 2025
Mode of study	Full-time/ Offline
Programmes Offered	7(excluding specialisations)
Admission status 2025	Open
How to apply?	https://www.viet.edu.in/
Level of programmes offered	UG, PG & Diploma
Popular programmes	BTech\| MBA

VIET Visakhapatnam Admission 2025: Eligibility & Selection

VIET admissions are primarily entrance-based. The institute considers the merit of the aspirants in the last qualifying exam for BBA and BCA programmes. Candidates must fulfil the eligibility requirements to apply for a course. Below are popular VIET Visakhapatnam courses along with their eligibility and selection criteria:

Course	Common Eligibility	Selection Criteria
BTech	Class 12 with at least 45% aggregate	AP EAMCET
MTech	Graduation with a minimum of 50% aggregate	AP PGECET
MBA	Graduation with a minimum of 50% aggregate	AP ICET
BCA	Class 12	Merit + OAMDC
BBA	Class 12	Merit + OAMDC

Steps for VIET Visakhapatnam Admission Process 2025

Currently, the admissions are open for all the VIET courses. Candidates are selected for admission based on their scores in an entrance test or a qualifying exam. The institute considers state-level entrance exams for admission. Below are the steps to get a seat in the institute:

Step 1: VIET Visakhapatnam Application Process 2025

Candidates must first apply for the accepted entrance exam or AP OAMDC portal as required by the course. After completion of the selection process, candidates also need to fill out the admission form on the institute's website for the preferred programme.

Step 2: Selection

VIET Visakhapatnam selects candidates for BTech and MTech courses based on AP EAMCET and AP PGECET, respectively. For admission to MBA, candidates must score well in AP ICET. Besides, the selection for BBA and BCA courses is based on merit of the aspirants in the last qualifying exam. The institute also considers AP POLYCET for admission to diploma courses.

Step 3: Counselling & Seat Allotment

Aspirants need to further apply for state-level entrance exam counselling accepted for the applied course. Once the seat is allotted to aspirants who have appeared for the entrance exam, they need to fill out the admission form on the institute's website. For BBA and BCA, candidates are offered seats via OAMDC. Selected candidates need to pay the VIET fee to confirm their seats.

Commonly asked questions
On Admissions

Q: Can I get direct admission at VIET Visakhapatnam?

Q: What is the qualification required to apply at Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology?

Q: How can I get admission at Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology?

VIET Visakhapatnam BTech Admission 2025

9 courses 4 years

VIET Visakhapatnam offers a four-year BTech course divided into eight semesters. The institute offers BTech in various specialisations such as Civil, Computer Science & Engineering, CSE-AI & ML, CSE-Data Science, Mechanical Engineering, etc. The institute also offers lateral entry to the BTech course. Admission to the BTech (Lateral Entry) courses is based on AP ECET scores.

Seat Intake900

Total Tuition Fees₹ 1.7L - 4L

Eligibility Criteria

10+2 with 45% aggregate
Accepting Exams: AP EAMCET, CBSE 12th, BIEAP

Dates & Events

Dates	Upcoming Events
Mar '26-Apr '26	AP EAMCET 2026 Application Form DatesTentative
May '26	AP EAMCET 2026 Application form last date with late fee INR 1000Tentative
May '26	AP EAMCET 2026 Application form last date with late fee INR 2000Tentative
May '26	AP EAMCET 2026 Application form last date with late fee INR 4000Tentative
May '26	AP EAMCET 2026 Admit card availabilityTentative

Dates	Past Events
23 Sep '25	AP EAMCET 2025 Self Joining and Reporting at Colleges
20 Sep '25	AP EAMCET 2025 Release of Seat Allotment
20 Sep '25	AP EAMCET 2025 Commencement of Classwork

Commonly asked questions
On B.E. / B.Tech Admissions

Q: Which are the BTech specialisations at Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology?

Q: How can I get admission in BTech at Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology?

Q: What is the fee for BTech at Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology?

View course details

VIET Visakhapatnam MBA Admission 2025

1 courses 2 years

VIET Visakhapatnam offers a two-year full-time MBA programme divided into four semesters. The institute offers MBA at the PG level in various specialisations such as HR, Finance, Marketing, Logistics & Supply Chain Management, Health Care & Hospital Management and Business Analytics/ Systems. Candidates who have completed their graduation are eligible to apply for the MBA course.

Seat Intake180

Total Tuition Fees₹ 70K

Eligibility Criteria

Undergraduate Degree with 50% aggregate
Accepting Exams: APICET

Dates & Events

Dates	Upcoming Events
Mar '26-Apr '26	APICET 2026 Registration Process (Without late fee)Tentative

Commonly asked questions
On MBA/PGDM Admissions

Q: How much is the MBA fee at Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology?

Q: What is the eligibility for MBA at Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology?

Q: Which are the MBA specialisations offered at Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology?

View course details

VIET Visakhapatnam
After 10th Diploma Admissions 2026

4 courses 3 years

Seat Intake480

Total Tuition Fees₹ 75K

Eligibility Criteria

Accepting Exams: AP POLYCET

View course details

VIET Visakhapatnam
M.E./M.Tech Admissions 2026

6 courses 2 years

Seat Intake126

Total Tuition Fees₹ 86K

Eligibility Criteria

Undergraduate Degree with 50% aggregate
Accepting Exams: AP PGECET, GATE

Dates & Events

Dates	Upcoming Events
Oct '25	AP PGECET Phase II (Reporting to College)Ongoing
Oct '25	Web Options (for Phase II AP PGECET qualified candidates)Ongoing
29 Sep '25 - 4 Oct '25	AP PGECET 2025 Counselling Registration and Payment of FeesOngoing
Oct '25	Change of Web Options (AP PGECET Phase II counselling)Tentative
1 Oct '25 - 5 Oct '25	AP PGECET 2025 Web Option EntryOngoing

Dates	Past Events
Sep '25	Online Certificate Verification (AP PGECET qualified candidates)Tentative
Sep '25	AP PGECET Phase III Counselling Registrations and Uploading of Documents (for AP PGECET-qualified candidates)Tentative
26 Sep '25	AP PGECET 2025 Seat allotment result

View course details

VIET Visakhapatnam
B.Arch Admissions 2026

1 courses 5 years

Seat Intake40

Eligibility Criteria

10+2 with 50% aggregate
Accepting Exams: NATA

Dates & Events

Dates	Upcoming Events
Feb '26	NATA 2026 application form start dateTentative
Apr '26	NATA 2026 result Tentative
Mar '26-Aug '26	NATA 2026 exam datesTentative
Aug '26	NATA 2026 additional exam datesTentative

View course details

VIET Visakhapatnam
BCA Admissions 2026

1 courses 3 years

Seat Intake60

Total Tuition Fees₹ 1.3L

Eligibility Criteria

Accepting Exams: CBSE 12th, ISC, BIEAP

View course details

VIET Visakhapatnam
MCA Admissions 2026

1 courses 2 years

Seat Intake180

Total Tuition Fees₹ 70K

View course details

VIET Visakhapatnam
BBA Admissions 2026

1 courses 3 years

Seat Intake60

Total Tuition Fees₹ 1.3L

Eligibility Criteria

Accepting Exams: CBSE 12th, ISC, BIEAP

View course details

VIET Visakhapatnam
UG Diploma Admissions 2026

1 courses 3 years

Seat Intake120

Total Tuition Fees₹ 75K

Eligibility Criteria

Accepting Exams: AP POLYCET

View course details

Recommended Colleges

Explore popular similar colleges

Students who showed interest in VIET Visakhapatnam - MBA also showed interest in

Vikas College of Engineering and Technology institute image

Vijayawada

Courses Offered1 course4.4

Total Fees₹70 K

Sir C R Reddy College of Engineering institute image

West Godavari

Courses Offered1 course4.3

Total Fees₹1.2 L

Andhra Loyola Institute of Engineering and Technology institute image

Vijayawada

Courses Offered1 course3.1

Total Fees₹92.2 K

SRK Institute of Technology institute image

Vijayawada

Courses Offered3 courses3.3

Total Fees₹70 K

Want better recommendations?

There is a 90% more chance of getting best college recommendations by sharing preferences.

+ Add preferences

Vignan's Nirula Institute of Technology and Science for Women institute image

Guntur

Courses Offered1 course4.1

Total Fees₹70 K

BABA Institute of Technology and Sciences institute image

Visakhapatnam

Courses Offered1 course4.1

Total Fees₹70 K

Sanketika Vidya Parishad Engineering College institute image

Visakhapatnam

Courses Offered1 course2.9

Total Fees₹70 K

KITS Akshar Institute of Technology institute image

Guntur

Courses Offered1 course

Total Fees₹54 K

Pydah College of Engineering and Technology institute image

Visakhapatnam

Courses Offered1 course3.5

Total Fees₹54 K

MVR College of Engineering and Technology institute image

Andhra Pradesh - Other

Courses Offered1 course4.0

Total Fees₹70 K

Confused about which college or exam to opt for? assitentRcpRhsImage

Chat with our counselor
Get your personalised list of colleges & exams matching your preferences

View allCollections

Is this recommendation relevant?

VIET Visakhapatnam Application Process 2025

Candidates fulfilling the eligibility requirements must first apply for the accepted entrance exam. Aspirants need to fill out the AP EAMCET and AP PGECET applications forms for BTech and MTech courses, respectively. For MBA and diploma courses, aspirants need to fill out the AP ICET and AP POLYCET application forms. Candidates who are selected also need to fill out the admission form on the institute's website. Below are the steps to apply for VIET Visakhapatnam:

Step 1: Visit the official website of VIET, https://www.viet.edu.in/.

Step 2: Under the 'Admission' tab, click on 'Online Admission Form'.

Step 3: Fill out the details.

Step 4: Upload the documents, if required.

Step 5: Submit the form.

Commonly asked questions
On Application Process

Q: How can I fill admission form at Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology?

Q: Are applications open at Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology?

VIET Visakhapatnam
Students Ratings & Reviews

3.5/5

49 Verified Reviews Info Icon

4-5
11
3-4
21
2-3
11
1-2
6

Placements3

Infrastructure3.6

Faculty & Course3.6

Campus Life3.7

Value for Money3.4

What students say about Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology

Placements

Infrastructure

Faculty

Other

LikesView All

My friends got placed in Wipro, Infosys, Uniport, and few more companies from both software and hardware fields.

Based on 10 Reviews

DislikesView All

The lowest course is the diploma, and the highest is B.Tech, there are very less number of internship opportunities for our course in small companies.

Based on 17 Reviews

Tekkali sravani Verified Icon

B.Tech. in Computer Science and Engineering - Batch of 2028

4.2

3Placements4Infrastructure4Faculty5Crowd & Campus Life5Value for Money

The infrastructure is very good.

Placements: In our course, 90% of students get placed. The highest package is 7 LPA, and the average package is 4 LPA. The lowest package is 2 LPA. Top recruiting companies hire students from the college. All students in our college are very disciplined. Above 75% of students are eligible for internships.

Infrastructure: The infrastructure and architecture in our college are very nice. Labs and classrooms are very well-painted. All facilities are available at all times. The computer lab is very good. Medical facilities are available for all members on the campus.

Faculty: Exams are conducted very strictly. There is no chance of copying, and examiners don't allow these things. The course curriculum is managed well, but the college faculty members are very good. They all are well-experienced.

Other: Fest and tech events are done more frequently.

Reviewed on 28 Jun 2025Read More

PAVAN

B.Tech. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering - Batch of 2026

3.2

3Placements3Infrastructure3Faculty4Crowd & Campus Life3Value for Money

Review of Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology.

Placements: The placements offered are not very much in this college. They offer maximum placements to computer Science branches but not to the core branches like electrical, mechanical, and civil. Many of the students opted for higher studies after their graduation in this college.

Infrastructure: The college infrastructure is average but not bad. The labs contain machinery but some of them are presently not in working condition. The college has a canteen available in the campus itself. There is a playground in the college for cricket, kabaddi, and many other games.

Faculty: The teaching offered by the college faculty is not that good. The teaching quality is average. The course curriculum is relevant and makes students industry-ready. The semester exams are difficult to pass for most of the students as the teaching provided is not that good.

Reviewed on 16 May 2025Read More

BiswaRanjan shanti Verified Icon

B.Tech. in Computer Science and Engineering - Batch of 2028

2.8

3Placements3Infrastructure3Faculty3Crowd & Campus Life2Value for Money

Review of the college.

Placements: The minimum percentage criteria is 45% in intermediate. The highest package is LPA and the lowest is LPA. Most of the students get placement in different companies, like TCS, Wipro, and Mahindra. The best role offered by the company is manager post.

Infrastructure: All the facilities are nice and friendly behavior in all department. College has a Wi-Fi facility and labs, a Chemistry lab, a Physics lab, an Engineering workshop, and an IT workshop. There are two libraries. The hostel is not good and the food quality in the hostel is the worst.

Faculty: The faculty members are qualified. Their teaching quality is nice and they just focus on how to complete the course. The semester exams are moderate, not very easy or very hard. College also organizes extracurricular activities like PowerPoint presentations, poster presentations, and sports like Kabaddi and Kho-Kho. Science Day is also held in the college.

Reviewed on 4 Feb 2025Read More

Kalyan

B.Tech. in Computer Science and Engineering - Batch of 2028

4Placements4Infrastructure4Faculty4Crowd & Campus Life4Value for Money

Review of the college VIET.

Placements: The percentage of students got placed from our branch is 85%. The highest package offered here is 10 LPA, the lowest package offered here is 2 LPA, and the average package offered here is 5 LPA. The top recruiting companies are Tech Mahindra, Infosys, and Wipro.

Infrastructure: The infrastructure of Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology is very beautiful and attractive. The facilities provided in labs included with fast Wi-Fi facility as well as in classrooms. Coming to hostel, it's just budget-friendly, this is not a hostel.

Faculty: Teachers of Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology are very helpful and motivating. They have vast knowledge in how to teach a student in a unique way that students feel interested while studying. Most teachers did a Ph.D. and they have good knowledge, etc.

Reviewed on 1 May 2025Read More

Nikhil sura Verified Icon

B.Tech. in Computer Science and Engineering - Batch of 2028

4Placements4Infrastructure4Faculty4Crowd & Campus Life4Value for Money

Review of Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology.

Placements: In our college Visakha Institute of Engineering, the percentage of students who were placed is 80%. The highest package offered here is 10 lacs whereas the lowest package offered is 3 lacs and the average package offered here is 5 lacs. Top recruiters are Wipro, Infosys, etc.

Infrastructure: The infrastructure of Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology is very cool and calm. The facilities available for our course we have the best labs with Wi-Fi facilities. Classrooms are clean and maintained. We have a big central library with a silent environment.

Faculty: The teachers of Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology are very helpful they have good knowledge of how to teach a student so that a student can understand. Some of the teachers were done Ph.D. The teaching quality is excellent. They try to teach us uniquely.

Other: I chose this course because I like artificial intelligence.

Reviewed on 16 Apr 2025Read More

Sabbi Ravindra Verified Icon

B.Tech. in Mechanical Engineering - Batch of 2028

3Placements3Infrastructure3Faculty3Crowd & Campus Life3Value for Money

Rating of the college with my own experience.

Placements: 45% of students got placed in our course. The highest package is 10 LPA, and the lowest package is 2 LPA. The average package is 3.5 LPA. Top recruiting companies for our course are Wipro, TCS, etc. 50% of students got internships from our college in different companies.

Infrastructure: In our college, we have 24-hour Wi-Fi to browse and to develop our ideas. Labs are so good and clean. Classrooms are also clean and very well designed. In every classroom, there are projectors. We have labs and we also have full of equipment. The quality of the facilities in our hostel, the quality of food available in the mess and canteen, medical facilities, sports and games are good.

Faculty: Teachers are well-graduated and well teaching. They help to improve the students and they will try their best for our future. Semester exams in our college are strictly conducted. In every classroom, there are CCTV cameras and two invigilators, if any malpractice is done in our college will be suspended.

Reviewed on 27 Feb 2025Read More

View All 64 Reviews

VIET Visakhapatnam Admission 2025 FAQs

Q: What are the courses offered at Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology?

Q: What is the seat intake for M.Tech at Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology?

VIET Visakhapatnam

Student Forum

Anything you would want to ask experts?

Write here...

Is entrance exam accepted for Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology admission?

Answered 6 months ago

Yes, Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology considers state-level entrance exam scores for admission to most of the UG and PG courses. Aspirants must appear for the entrance exam and score well to get a seat in the institute. Below is course-wise accepted entrance exam for VIET Visakhapatna

Nishtha Shukla

Guide-Level 15

When are the semester exam results declared at Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology?

Answered 2 months ago

Semester exam results at Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology are usually announced within 40 to 45 days after the completion of exams. The results are uploaded on the affiliating university's official portal, where students can check them using their hall ticket numbers. Additionally, th

Saksham Tiwari

Contributor-Level 10

Where are Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology alumni working?

Answered 2 months ago

Alumni of Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology are placed in top companies across IT, manufacturing, and public sectors. Many graduates work with firms like Infosys, Wipro, Cognizant, Accenture, and TCS, while others have joined reputed core engineering companies such as L&T and Tata Proj

Saksham Tiwari

Contributor-Level 10

What is B.E. / B.Tech fees in Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology?

Answered 2 months ago

The tuition fee for B.E. / B.Tech at Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology generally ranges between eighty thousand and one Lacs rupees per year, depending on the branch and admission category (convener or management quota). Additional expenses like exam fees, laboratory charges, and libra

Saksham Tiwari

Contributor-Level 10

Why is B.E. / B.Tech the most sought after course at Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology?

Answered 2 months ago

B.E. / B.Tech is the most sought-after course at Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology because of its industry-oriented curriculum, experienced faculty, and high placement rate. The college offers specialised labs, internships, and industrial training that prepare students for real-world c

Saksham Tiwari

Contributor-Level 10

Content authored by: