Extended periods of exposure to PM 2.5 raises anemia risk in kids under 5: IIT Delhi Study

This is the first study to have been carried out in India, where an association between exposure to PM 2.5 and anaemia in children under the age of 5 years in India has been examined and established.

A study by the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi has found that prolonged exposure to PM 2.5 can lead to anemia among children under the age of 5 years. The study, titled ‘The Association Between Ambient PM 2.5 Exposure and Anaemia Outcomes Among Children Under Five Years of Age in India’, published in the journal Environmental Epidemiology, has found that for every 10 micrograms per meter cube increase in PM2.5 levels exposure, there is a decrease of 0.07 grams per dL in average hemoglobin levels.

This is the first study to have been carried out in India, where an association between exposure to PM 2.5 and anaemia in children under the age of 5 years in India has been examined and established, even as numerous other studies have looked at other detrimental health impacts of particulate matter.

“This is actually a huge increase if you see the difference between PM 2.5 levels in Himachal Pradesh as opposed to Delhi. The exposure of children under 5 years to PM 2.5 living in the capital will obviously be more. The study is important because so far anaemia has been looked at through the prism of nutrition deficiency, specifically that of iron. But even if government programmes like Poshan Abhiyan were strengthened, till air pollution is curtailed or exposure of children to PM 2.5 is brought down, anaemia is likely to continue to persist,” said Dr Sagnik Dey, lead author of the study.

The IIT Delhi study included 98,557 children in the individual analysis across 636 districts, based on the findings of NFHS 4. About 63 per cent of the included children were found to be anaemic. Children with anaemia were on average slightly younger compared with children without anaemia, tended to be from lower wealth index levels, and had higher percentages of maternal anaemia.

Studies linking anaemia to PM2.5 have been few and those that have been carried out have been mostly in the US, Europe and China.

Dr Dey pointed out that most of these studies have concentrated on adult anaemia. Only one other study has been carried out linking PM 2.5 exposure to increased anaemia among children under 5 – in Lima, Peru.

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