Branches of Physics: Check Subfield, Colleges, Entrance Exam & Career Prospectus Here
Physics is a branch of natural science that provides a framework for understanding the fundamental laws that govern the universe, and also constructs and experimentally tests theories of physical nature. By studying different branches of physics, candidates can gain insights into the nature of matter, energy, and their interactions. Read this Shiksha article to learn about the Branches of Physics, subfields, various courses available at UG and PG levels and career prospectus for the same.
Branches of Physics
Physics, a cornerstone that plays a vital role in understanding the universe. Physics is the scientific study of matter, energy, and their composite interactions. It is known as a vast field, encompassing a wide range of phenomena from the subatomic particles that make up atoms to the vast cosmos of galaxies and stars. To comprehend the complexity of the physical world, physicists have divided the discipline into branches of physics, each focusing on specific aspects of matter, energy, and their interactions.
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Also Read: Branches of Science and Their Subfields
The branches of Physics offer a comprehensive framework for exploring the fundamental laws that govern the universe. From the intricate dance of subatomic particles to the cosmic scale of galaxies and beyond, each branch provides a unique lens through which we can observe and understand the physical world. By delving into these branches, we can unravel the mysteries of nature, develop innovative technologies, and gain a deeper appreciation for the interconnectedness of all things.
Common University Entrance Test (CUET) will be introduced for admission into UG/ PG programmes in Central and participating Universities for academic session 2025-26. The Common University Entrance Test (CUET) will
provide a common platform and equal opportunities to candidates across the country, especially those from NorthEast and from rural and other remote areas and help to establish better connect with the Universities.
The CUET PG 2025 examination will be conducted by the examination authority i.e., NTA (National Testing Agency) in the various CUET PG examination centres across the nation and also to short listed foreign countries. The Syllabus for the master's courses for which the examination will be conducted is set by the exam conducting authority, which is National Testing Agency here. The subject experts after taking all the probable suggestions from all the participating universities, will set the syllabus for the master's degree programmes on the basis of what students have studied in their under graduate courses.
No, CUET UG 2026 official syllabus has not been released. NTA will uplaod the CUET 2026 syllabus PDFs tentatively in first week of March along with the release of official notification. Candidates preparing for CUET 2026 exam can download the CUET syllabus. The CUET syllabus is based on class 12th NCERT curriculum. Candidates must prepare well from the class 12th syllabus to ace the entrance examination.
- What are the Branches in Physics
- Branches of Physics: Essential Skills Required
- Branches of Physics: Interdisciplinary Fields
- Sunbfields in Branches of Physics
- Top Colleges Offering BSc/MSc Physics
- Entrance Exam for BSc/MSc Physics Courses
- Career Prospectus after Physics Course
- Career Paths After Completing an MSc Degree
- Career in Physics: Salary Package
What are the Branches in Physics
Physics, a cornerstone of our understanding of the universe, is the scientific study of matter, energy, and their interactions. To comprehend the vastness and complexity of the physical world, physicists have divided the discipline into several branches, each focusing on specific aspects of matter, energy, and their interactions.
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Classical Mechanics
Classical mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the motion of macroscopic objects under the influence of forces. It forms the foundation of many other branches of physics, including what is thermodynamics, electromagnetism, and optics. Key concepts in classical mechanics include:
- Newton's laws of motion: These laws describe the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration.
- Work, energy, and power: These concepts quantify the ability of a force to cause motion.
- Momentum: This quantity measures the motion of an object.
- Rotational motion: This branch of classical mechanics deals with the motion of objects that rotate around an axis.
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the relationship between heat, work, and energy. It is concerned with the macroscopic properties of matter, such as temperature, pressure, and volume. Key concepts in thermodynamics include:
Yes, NTA has added some new topics in the CUET PG MCA syllabus for the academic session 2025-2026. There are majorly three subjects in MCA syllabus namely, Decision Making and Thinking Skills, Mathematics and Computers. The exam officials added few more topics in the Computer subject.
The added topics are mentioned below:
- Computer networks: OSI Model, TCP/IP model, LAN technologies (Ethernet, Token ring), Transmission media – twisted pair, coaxial cables fiber–optic cables, Flow and error control techniques,
- Routing algorithms, Congestion control, IP (v4), Application layer protocols (icmp, dns, smtp, pop,
- ftp, http); Sliding window protocols; Internetworking: Switch /Hub, Bridge, Router, Gateways,
- Concatenated virtual circuits, Firewalls: Network Security; Cryptography- public key, secret key.
- Domain Name System (DNS)-Electronic Mail and World Wide Web (WWW).
- Database Management System: Data Models, Schemas, and Instances; Three-Schema Architecture and Data Independence; Database Languages and Interfaces; Centralized and Client/Server Architectures for DBMS, Functional Dependencies and Normalization; Algorithms for Query Processing and Optimization; Transaction Processing, Concurrency Control Techniques, Database Recovery Techniques, Object and Object-Relational Databases; Database Security and
Authorization. Entity-Relationship Diagram, Relational Model - Constraints, Languages, Design, and Programming, Relational Database Schemas, Update Operations and Dealing with Constraint Violations; Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus; Codd Rules.
CUET UG general test will cover the topics from the following:
- General Knowledge, Current Affairs
- General mental ability, Numerical ability
- Reasoning (Simple application of basic Mathematical concepts, quantitative arithmetic, algebra geometry, mensuration and statistics)
- Logical and analytical reasoning
Candidates preparing for the general test of CUET UG are advised to stay updated with the current affairs by reading the newspapers and magazines. Candidates must gather study materials to prepare for the syllabus of General test and practice ample questions to become familiar with the type of questions asked in this section. Download the CUET UG question paper now.
CUET UG English syllabus will consist of 50 MCQs from the following topics:
- Reading Comprehension: There will be three types of passages (maximum 300-350 words):
- Factual
- Narrative
- Literary
- Verbal Ability
- Rearranging the parts
- Choosing the correct word
- Synonyms and Antonyms
- Vocabulary
- First law of thermodynamics: This law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred from one form to another.
- Second law of thermodynamics: This law states that the entropy of a closed system always increases over time.
- Heat engines and refrigerators: These devices convert heat into work or vice versa.
Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism is the branch of physics that deals with the interactions between electric charges and magnetic fields. It is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. Key concepts in electromagnetism include:
- Electric charges: These are fundamental particles that can experience electric forces.
- Electric fields: These are regions of space where electric charges experience forces.
- Magnetic fields: These are regions of space where magnetic materials experience magnetic forces.
- Electromagnetic waves: These are waves that propagate through space and carry energy.
Optics
Optics is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior and properties of light. It is concerned with the production, propagation, and detection of light. Key concepts in optics include:
- Reflection: This is the bouncing of light off a surface.
- Refraction: This is the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another.
- Diffraction: This is the spreading out of light waves as they pass through a narrow opening or around an obstacle.
- Interference: This is the combination of two or more light waves to produce a new wave.
Quantum Mechanics
Quantum mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of matter and energy on a microscopic scale. It is a fundamental theory that has revolutionized our understanding of the universe. Key concepts in quantum mechanics include:
- Wave-particle duality: This concept states that particles can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties.
- Uncertainty principle: This principle from Dual nature of radiation and matter chapter states that it is impossible to know both the position and momentum of a particle with absolute certainty.
- Quantum entanglement: This phenomenon occurs when two particles are linked in such a way that the state of one particle is dependent on the state of the other, regardless of the distance between them.
- Quantum field theory: This theory describes the interactions between elementary particles and fields.
Relativity
Relativity is the branch of physics that deals with the relationship between space, time, and gravity. It is a fundamental theory that has revolutionized our understanding of the universe. Key concepts in relativity include:
- Special relativity: This theory deals with the laws of physics as observed by different observers moving at constant velocities.
- General relativity: This theory deals with the laws of physics in the presence of gravity. It describes gravity as a curvature of spacetime.
Other Branches of Physics
In addition to the main branches of physics discussed above, there are many other specialized branches, including:
- Nuclear physics: This branch deals with the properties and interactions of atomic nuclei.
- Particle physics: This branch deals with the properties and interactions of elementary particles.
- Astrophysics: This branch deals with the physics of the universe on a large scale.
- Biophysics: This branch deals with the application of physical principles to biological systems.
- Geophysics: This branch deals with the physics of the Earth.
Also Read:
| B.Sc. in Physics colleges in Delhi/NCR | M.Sc. in Physics colleges in Delhi/NCR |
| Physics colleges in Delhi/NCR | B.Tech Engineering Physics Colleges in Delhi |
Branches of Physics: Essential Skills Required
A degree in physics requires a strong foundation in various skills. Here are some key skills that are essential for success:
Cognitive Skills:
- Critical Thinking: The ability to analyze information, evaluate arguments, and draw logical conclusions.
- Problem-Solving: The capacity to identify problems, develop strategies, and find effective solutions.
- Creativity: The power to think outside the box, generate new ideas, and approach challenges from different perspectives.
- Curiosity: A genuine interest in understanding the world and exploring new concepts.
Also Read: Top BSc/MSc Entrance Exams in India 2024
Analytical Skills:
- Mathematical Ability: A strong foundation in mathematics is crucial for many science disciplines.
- Data Analysis: The skill of interpreting and analyzing data to draw meaningful conclusions.
- Scientific Method: Understanding the steps involved in the scientific method, including hypothesis formulation, experimentation, and data analysis.
Practical Skills:
- Laboratory Skills: Proficiency in using laboratory equipment and conducting experiments safely and accurately.
- Observation: The ability to carefully observe phenomena and record observations accurately.
- Communication: Effective communication skills, both verbal and written, are essential for presenting findings and collaborating with others.
- Time Management: The ability to prioritize tasks, manage deadlines, and work efficiently.
Mathematical Skills:
- Algebra: Proficiency in algebraic manipulation is crucial for solving physics equations.
- Calculus: Understanding of differential and integral calculus is fundamental for many physics concepts.
- Trigonometry: Knowledge of trigonometric functions and identities is necessary for solving problems related to angles and vectors.
- Linear Algebra: Familiarity with matrices, vectors, and linear transformations is helpful for understanding quantum mechanics and other advanced topics.
Scientific Skills:
- Problem-Solving: The ability to analyze complex problems, break them down into smaller components, and develop solutions is essential.
- Critical Thinking: The capacity to evaluate information, identify patterns, and draw logical conclusions is vital for understanding physics concepts.
- Experimental Design: Understanding the principles of experimental design, including hypothesis testing, data collection, and analysis, is crucial for conducting research.
- Lab Skills: Proficiency in laboratory techniques, such as using scientific instruments and equipment, is necessary for conducting experiments.
Also Read: Science vs Commerce: Is Commerce Easier Than Science
Communication Skills:
- Written Communication: The ability to write clearly and concisely is important for communicating research findings and ideas.
- Oral Communication: Effective oral communication skills are essential for presenting research results, participating in discussions, and collaborating with others.
Other Skills:
- Curiosity: A genuine interest in understanding the natural world is essential for a successful career in physics.
- Persistence: Physics can be challenging, and the ability to persevere through difficult problems is important.
- Attention to Detail: Careful attention to detail is necessary for accurate calculations and experimental measurements.
- Time Management: Effective time management skills are essential for balancing coursework, research projects, and other commitments.
Branches of Physics: Interdisciplinary Fields
Physics, as a fundamental science, often intersects with other disciplines, creating a rich tapestry of interdisciplinary fields. These fields explore the boundaries between physics and other sciences, leading to innovative research and applications.
Physics and Chemistry
- Physical Chemistry: This field combines physics and chemistry to study the physical properties of matter and chemical reactions. It explores topics such as thermodynamics, kinetics, and quantum chemistry.
- Chemical Physics: Similar to physical chemistry, this field focuses on the physical principles underlying chemical phenomena. It delves into areas like molecular dynamics, spectroscopy, and statistical mechanics.
Physics and Biology
- Biophysics: This field applies physical principles to biological systems, investigating topics such as the structure and function of biomolecules, the mechanics of living organisms, and the physics of biological processes.
- Computational Biology: Combining physics, biology, and computer science, this field uses computational methods to analyze biological data and model biological systems.
Physics and Geology
- Geophysics: This field studies the physical properties of the Earth, including its interior, atmosphere, and oceans. It encompasses topics like seismology, geodynamics, and geomagnetism.
- Astrophysics: This field applies physical principles to the study of celestial objects and the universe. It explores topics such as cosmology, astroparticle physics, and planetary science.
Physics and Engineering
- Applied Physics: This broad field encompasses the application of physics principles to solve practical problems in various engineering disciplines. It includes topics like materials science, optics, and acoustics.
- Nanotechnology: This field involves the manipulation of matter at the atomic and molecular scale, combining physics, chemistry, and engineering to create new materials and devices.
Physics and Mathematics
- Mathematical Physics: This field explores the mathematical foundations of physical theories and develops new mathematical methods to address physical problems. It covers topics like quantum field theory, general relativity, and statistical mechanics.
- Theoretical Physics: This branch of physics focuses on the development of new theories and models to explain physical phenomena. It often involves significant mathematical formalism.
Sunbfields in Branches of Physics
Physics, a vast and multifaceted field, is divided into numerous subfields, each focusing on specific aspects of matter, energy, and their interactions. Here are some of the major subfields:
Classical Physics
- Mechanics: Deals with the motion of objects and the forces acting on them.
- Newtonian mechanics: Describes the motion of objects at everyday speeds and scales.
- Relativity: Covers the behavior of objects moving at high speeds or under the influence of strong gravitational fields.
- Thermodynamics: Studies the relationship between heat, work, and energy.
- Electromagnetism: Explores the interactions between electric charges and magnetic fields.
- Optics: Investigates the behavior and properties of light.
Modern Physics
- Quantum Mechanics: Describes the behavior of matter and energy at the atomic and subatomic level.
- Particle Physics: Studies the fundamental particles that make up matter and their interactions.
- Nuclear Physics: Deals with the properties and interactions of atomic nuclei.
Astrophysics
- Cosmology: Explores the origin, evolution, and large-scale structure of the universe.
- Astroparticle Physics: Investigates the intersection of astrophysics and particle physics, studying phenomena such as cosmic rays and dark matter.
- Planetary Science: Studies the formation, evolution, and properties of planets and other celestial bodies.
Other Subfields
- Biophysics: Applies physical principles to biological systems.
- Geophysics: Studies the physical properties of the Earth.
- Materials Science: Investigates the properties and behaviour of materials.
- Nanotechnology: Deals with the manipulation of matter at the atomic and molecular scale.
Top Colleges Offering BSc/MSc Physics
Candidates who are interested in pursuing a BSc/MSc Physics degree can read out this section to get information about the top colleges offering BSc Physics, eligibility criteria and entrance exam to appear so from here:
Take a look at the top 25 BSc and MSc colleges in India according to NIRF 2022 rankings:
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Also Read: Top 10 BSc, MSc Colleges in India
Entrance Exam for BSc/MSc Physics Courses
Candidates can check out the list of top entrance exams for pursing BSc /MSc Physics courses:
| Entrance Exam |
Conducting Body |
Entrance Exam |
Conducting Body |
|---|---|---|---|
| National Testing Agency |
IIT (On a rotational basis) |
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| NEST (National Entrance Screening Test) |
National Institute of Science Education Research (NISER) & Mumbai University |
NTA |
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| Gitam Institute of Science |
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| Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISERs) |
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| BS-MS Physics (5 year) Engineering Physics (Dual degree 5 year) |
Joint Entrance Examination (Main) or JEE Main | ||
| BS Physics( 4year) Engineering Physics (4 year) |
JEE Advanced is the second-stage test (after JEE Main) |
Also Read: How to prepare for top MSc entrance exams?
Career Prospectus after Physics Course
Candidates can check out the career perspective after completing BSc Physics and MSc Physics respectively:
A BSc in Physics provides a strong foundation in problem-solving, critical thinking, and scientific inquiry. This can open up a wide range of career opportunities in various fields. Here are some popular career paths to consider:
Academic and Research:
- Ph.D. in Physics: Continue your studies to specialize in a particular area of physics and pursue research or teaching positions in universities or research institutions.
- Research Scientist: Work in research laboratories, government agencies, or private companies, conducting research in fields such as materials science, astrophysics, or particle physics.
- Physics Professor: Teach physics courses at universities or colleges, sharing your knowledge and expertise with students.
Industry and Technology:
- Engineer: Apply your physics knowledge to engineering fields like electrical, mechanical, or aerospace engineering.
- Data Scientist: Use your analytical skills to analyze large datasets and extract meaningful insights.
- Software Developer: Develop software applications for scientific research, engineering, or technology companies.
- Patent Examiner: Evaluate patent applications for scientific inventions and innovations.
Government and Public Service:
- Science Policy Analyst: Work in government agencies, advising on science policy and funding decisions.
- Science Communicator: Communicate scientific concepts to the public through writing, speaking, or media.
- Meteorologist: Forecast weather patterns and climate trends.
- Environmental Scientist: Study environmental issues and develop solutions to protect the planet.
Other Fields:
- Financial Analyst: Use your quantitative skills to analyze financial data and make investment decisions.
- Actuary: Evaluate financial risk and calculate insurance premiums.
- Medical Physicist: Apply physics principles to medical imaging and treatment.
- Patent Attorney: Protect intellectual property through legal processes.
Career Paths After Completing an MSc Degree
An MSc degree, especially in a field like physics, can open up a wide range of career opportunities. Here are some popular paths to consider:
Academia and Research:
- Ph.D. in Physics: Continue your studies to specialize in a particular area of physics and pursue research or teaching positions in universities or research institutions.
- Research Scientist: Work in research laboratories, government agencies, or private companies, conducting research in fields such as materials science, astrophysics, or particle physics.
- Physics Professor: Teach physics courses at universities or colleges, sharing your knowledge and expertise with students.
Industry and Technology:
- Engineer: Apply your advanced physics knowledge to engineering fields like electrical, mechanical, or aerospace engineering.
- Data Scientist: Use your analytical skills and understanding of complex systems to analyze large datasets and extract meaningful insights.
- Software Developer: Develop software applications for scientific research, engineering, or technology companies.
- Patent Examiner: Evaluate patent applications for scientific inventions and innovations.
Government and Public Service:
- Science Policy Analyst: Work in government agencies, advising on science policy and funding decisions.
- Science Communicator: Communicate scientific concepts to the public through writing, speaking, or media.
- Meteorologist: Forecast weather patterns and climate trends.
- Environmental Scientist: Study environmental issues and develop solutions to protect the planet.
Other Fields:
- Financial Analyst: Use your quantitative skills to analyze financial data and make investment decisions.
- Actuary: Evaluate financial risk and calculate insurance premiums.
- Medical Physicist: Apply physics principles to medical imaging and treatment.
- Patent Attorney: Protect intellectual property through legal processes.
Consulting and Management:
- Management Consultant: Use your problem-solving and analytical skills to advise organizations on strategic planning and operations.
- Technical Consultant: Provide expertise in physics-related fields to businesses and organizations.
Career in Physics: Salary Package
Here’s a breakdown of salary packages for various physics-related career paths, both in India and internationally, including AI roles like those at OpenAI:
| Career Path | Typical Salary Range per Year | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| B.Sc Physics Graduate (India) | ₹2–12 LPA (avg ~₹6 LPA) | Up to ₹25 LPA with experience |
| M.Sc Physics Roles (India) | Assistant Scientist: ~₹3.8 LPA–₹7 LPA | Govt roles: ₹2.95–7.20 LPA |
| Physics Teacher (India) | ₹2.97 L–₹10 L (exp-based) | Avg: ₹5. L |
| Computational / Geophysicist (India) | ~₹13 LPA | Top-paying research roles |
| Astrophysicist (India) | ₹4–10 LPA (avg ~₹7.9 LPA) | Entry ~₹6–9 LPA |
| Medical Physicist (US) | $150k–300k | Clinical roles, ABR certified |
| Academic Professor (US) | Assistant: ~$58 k; Associate: ~$70 k; Full: ~$99 k | Elite schools pay more; e.g. Caltech full: ~$172.8k |
| Physics PhD in Industry (US, private sector) | Typical starting: $99k; high: $130k+ | Intel-level roles |
| OpenAI Research Scientist (US) | Base: $120k–250k (lower bound ~$127k) | Entry to senior level |
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No, CUET syllabus is not based on CBSE syllabus as claimed by Education Ministry in Rajya Sabha. The CUET exam is designed to assess the general understandig of the candidate in subjects he/she has opted for. CUET UG is on of the biggest UG entrance exam carnival conducted for admission in cebtral, state, private and deemed universities.
Candidates preparing for CUET UG exam must check the detailed CUET syllabus and CUET question paper to become familiar with the important topics and type of questions asked in the exam.