Bihar Board Commerce Syllabus Class 12 2026 (Accountancy, Business Studies, Economics, Maths)

1

Nature and Significance of Management

2

Principles of Management

3

Business Environment

4

Planning

5

Organising

6

Staffing

7

Directing

8

Controlling

Part B: Business Finance and Marketing

9

Financial Management

10

Financial Market

11

Marketing Management

12

Consumer Protection

Nature and Significance of Management

7

Principles of Management

7

Business Environment

-

Planning

7

Organizing

10

Staffing

10

Directing

12

Controlling

7

Business Finance

12

Financial Market

8

Marketing

10

Consumer Protection

5

Entrepreneurship Development

5

Introduction to Partnership

1.1 Meaning and definitions

1.2 The Indian partnership Act 1932

1.3 Methods of capital accounts

·         Fixed Capital Method

·         Fluctuating Capital Method

Partnership Final Accounts

2.1 Introduction and Necessity of preparation of Final Accounts with the following adjustments.

·         Closing stock

·         Outstanding expenses

·         Prepaid expenses

·         Income received in advance

·         Income receivable

·         Bad debts

·         Provision for doubtful debts

·         Reserve for a discount on debtors and creditors

·         Depreciation

·         Interest on capital, drawings, and loans

·         Interest on investment and loans

·         Goods destroyed by fire/ accident (insured / uninsured)

·         Goods were stolen

·         Goods distributed as free samples

·         Goods withdrawn by partners

·         Unrecorded purchases and sales

·         Capital expenditure included in revenue expenses and vice-versa

·         Bills Receivable dishonoured

·         Bills payable dishonoured

·         Deferred expenses

·         Capital receipts included in revenue. Receipts and vice-versa

·         Commission to working partner/ Managers on the basis of Gross profit, Net profit, sales, etc.

Reconstitution of Partnership

3.1 Meaning and different ways of reconstitution

3.2 Admission of a partner

3.2.1 Meaning and Need

3.2.2 Capital brought by a new partner

3.2.3 New profit sharing ratio

3.2.4 Sacrifice ratio

3.2.5 Goodwill – Meaning, Methods of valuation and treatment of goodwill.

• Average profit method
• Super profit method

3.2.6 Adjustment of accumulated profits and losses.

3.2.7 Revaluation of assets and liabilities

3.2.8 Adjustment of capitals

3.3 Retirement / Death of a partner

3.3.1 Meaning, need

3.3.2 New ratio

3.3.3 Gain ratio

3.3.4 Treatment of goodwill

3.3.5 Adjustment of accumulated profits and losses

3.3.6 Revaluation of assets and liabilities

3.3.7 Adjustment of capital

3.3.8 Amount due to retiring partner

3.3.9 Death of partner

Dissolution of Partnership Firm

4.1 Simple dissolution, 4.2 Dissolution under Insolvency situation

Accounts of Not for Profit concerns

5.1 Introduction, meaning, and features of Not for Profit concerns.

5.2 Receipts and Payments Account meaning and features. The distinction between Income and Expenditure account.

5.3 Preparation of Income and Expenditure Account and Balance Sheet with the following

a) Additional Information

• Outstanding expenses and prepaid expenses of the current and previous year
• Accrued income and income received in advance
• Subscription received in advance and Subscription outstanding of the current and previous year
• Depreciation
• The capitalization of entrance fees.
• Creation of special funds out of donations
• Stock of stationery
• Opening balances of assets and liabilities

b) Important Items: Entrance fees, Subscriptions, Legacy, life membership fees, Sale of old assets, Scrap, Newspapers, Specific donation, General Donations, Specific Funds, Endowment fund

Single entry system

6.1 Introduction

• Meaning of single entry system.
• Difference between single entry and the double-entry system.

6.2 Preparation of statements

6.3 Additional information.

• Additional capital
• Drawings
• Depreciation on fixed Asset
• Bad Debts
• Reserve for Doubtful Debts
• Undervaluation and Overvaluation of Assets and Liabilities
• Interest on loan
• Interest on capital
• Interest on Drawings
• Partners salary
• Outstanding / Unpaid expenses
• Prepaid Expenses/ Expenses paid in advance.

Bill of Exchange (Only Trade Bill)

7.1 Introduction, necessity, Meaning, Definition of Bill of Exchange

7.2 Draft/format of Bills, Parties to the Bill of Exchange, Acceptance of Bill, Terms of Bill, Days of Grace, Date of maturity, Due Date, Types of Bill

7.3 Honouring of Bill, Dishonour of Bill, Noting and Protesting of Bill, Notary Public and Noting Charges

7.4 Accounting Treatment of Bill by the Drawer/Holder and Drawee in
following cases:

• Retaining the Bill till due date. honour/dishonour, insolvency of the

drawee/ acceptor

• Endorsement of the Bill, honour/dishonour and also insolvency of

acceptor

• Discounting the Bill with the Bank honour/dishonour and insolvency.
• Sending the Bill to the Bank for collection, honour/dishonour, and insolvency
• Renewal of Bill-Reasons for Renewal of the Bill. Renewal of Bill with or

without charging interest.

• Making a part payment of basic amount, interest and noting charges and

drawing of new Bill.

• Honour/dishonour of New Bill
• Insolvency of the acceptor and settlement of his account
• Retirement of Bill
• Journal Entries and Ledger

Company Accounts Part-I Accounting for shares

8.1 Share and share capital, Meaning, Nature and Types.

8.2 Accounting for Share Capital: Issue and Allotment of Equity Shares. Private placement of shares. Public subscription of shares. Oversubscription and Under subscription of shares. The issue at Par and premium, and at discount, Calls in advance in arrears, Issue of shares for consideration other than cash.

8.3 Accounting treatment of forfeiture and re-issue

8.4 Disclosure of Share capital in the Company's Balance Sheet (Horizontal form)

Company Accounts Part-II Accounting for Debentures

9.1 Debentures: Meaning, Issue of debentures at par, at a premium and at discount

9.2 Issue of debentures for consideration other than cash. Interest on Debentures.

Analysis of financial statements

10.1 Financial statement Analysis: meaning, objectives and limitations.

10.2 Tools for financial statement Analysis-meaning of comparative statements, common-size statements, cash flow analysis, and Ratio analysis.

10.3 Accounting Ratios: Meaning of objectives and classification of Ratios.

10.4 Introductions to current ratio, liquid ratio, Gross profit ratio, operating profit ratio, and Net profit ratio. ROI, ROCI

Accounting for Partnership

5

Accounting for Not-for-profit Organizations

10

Dissolution of Partnership

25

Reconstitution of Partnership

20

Accounting for Shares and Debenture Capital

12

Statement of Changes in Financial Position in Financial Position

20

Analysis of Financial Statements

8

1

Introduction to Microeconomics

2

Consumers behaviour

3

Producer Behaviour and Supply

4

Simple Applications of Tools of Demands and Supply

5

Types of Market and Price Determination

Part B - Macroeconomics

6

Introduction to Macro Economics

7

National Income and Related Aggregates

8

Money and Banking

9

Determination of Income and Employment

10

Government Budget and the Economy

11

Balance of Payments

Section A: Micro Economics

• Introduction to Micro Economics
• Consumers behaviour
• Demand
• Analysis of Demand
• Elasticity of Demand
• Analysis of Supply
• Types of Market & Price determination under perfect competition
• Factors of Production

Section B: Macro Economics

• Introduction to Macro Economics8. National Income
• Determinants of Aggregates
• Money
• Commercial Bank
• Central Bank
• Public Economics

Introduction to Microeconomics

4

Consumer's Equilibrium and Demand

18

Producer Behaviour and Supply

18

Forms of Market and Price Determination

10

National Income and Related Aggregates

15

Money and Banking

8

Determination of Income and Employment

12

Government Budget and the Economy

8

Balance of Payments

7

Mathematical logic

1.1 Statements

1.2 Logical Connectives

1.3 Statement patterns and logical equivalence

1.4 Algebra of statements

1.5 Venn diagrams

Matrices

2.1 Definition and types of matrices

2.2 Algebra of matrices

2.3 Inverse of a matrix

2.4 Solution of equations

Continuity

3.1 Continuity of a function at a point

Differentiation

4.1 Derivative of the Inverse function

4.2 Logarithmic Differentiation

4.3 Derivative of an Implicit Function

4.4 Derivative of a Parametric Function

4.5 Second Order Derivative

 Applications of Derivatives 

5.1 Increasing and Decreasing Functions

5.2 Maxima and Minima

Indefinite Integration

6.1 Definition of an integral

6.2 Integral of standard functions

6.3 Rules of Integration

6.4 Methods of Integration

6.5 Integration by parts

 Definite Integrals 

7.1 Definite Integral7.2 Properties

7.3 Applications

PART – II

 Ratio, Proportion and Partnership 

Ratio, Proportion and Partnership

 Commission, Brokerage and Discount 

2.1 Commission and Brokerage

2.2 Discount

 Insurance and Annuity 

3.1 Insurance

3.2 Annuity

Demography

4.1 Introduction, Definition 4.2 Uses of Vital Statistics

4.3 Measurements of Mortality

4.4 Life Tables

 Bivariate Data and Correlation 

5.1 Bivariate Frequency Distribution

5.2 Karl Pearson's Coefficient of Correlation

5.3 Rank Correlation

 Regression Analysis Introduction 

6.1 Equation of Line of Regression

6.2 Regression Coefficients and Their Properties.

Relation and Function

10

Calculus

44

Algebra

13

Probability

10

Vector and 3D Geometry

17

Linear-Programming Problem

6

Entrepreneurial Opportunities

Sensing Entrepreneurial Opportunities

Environment Scanning

Problem Identification

Spotting Trends

Creativity and Innovation

Selecting the Right Opportunity

Business Planning

Business Plan

Organisational plan

Operational plan

Production plan

Financial plan

Marketing Plan

Human Resource Planning

Enterprise Marketing

Marketing and Sales Strategy

Branding - Business Name, Logo, Tagline

Promotion Strategy

Negotiations - Importance and Methods

Customer Relationship Management

Vendor Management

Enterprise Growth Strategies

Franchising

Merger and Acquisition

Business Arithmetic

Unit of Sale, Unit Cost for Multiple Products or Services

Break-even Analysis for Multiple Products or Services

Computation of Working Capital

Inventory Control and EOQ

Return on Investment (ROI) and Return on Equity (ROE)

Resource Mobilization

Angel Investor

Venture Capital Funds

Stock Market – Raising Funds

Project Work

Business Plan

Survey