VITMEE 2026 Syllabus: Check Section-Wise Exam Syllabus, Pattern, Preparation Tips, and More

Candidates can check the VITMEE syllabus of chemical engineering below -

• Laws of thermodynamics - reversible and irreversible process - the concept of an ideal gas and real gas - equations of states - Maxwell relations - adiabatic and isothermal compression - phase equilibrium - Gibbs phase rule - the system of variable composition - Vant Hoffs equation - applications of Gibbs - Duhem equation. 
• Law of conservation of mass and energy - material balance energy balance and their applications - unit operation and unit process - psychrometry - combustion calculations. 
• Classification of fluids - fluid statics - basic equations of fluid flow - Bernoulli’s equation - laminar flow - friction in flow through beds of solids - packed beds - fluid moving machinery - classification of pumps and its characteristics. 
• Introduction to particulate solids - particle separation - size reduction - motion of a particle through fluid - classification of particulate solids - centrifugal classifier - sedimentation techniques - flotation - filtration equipment - agitation and mixing of liquids. 
• Fourier’s law of heat conduction - the concept of thermal conductivity - heat transfer through fins - convective heat transfer - transfer of heat in flowing fluids - laminar and turbulent flow - heat transfer with and without phase change - types of evaporators - multiple effect evaporators. 
• Differential and integral method of analysis of rate data - ideal reactor design - Residence time distribution - C, E and F curves. 
• Basic principles of unit operation and unit process - schematic representations of unit operations - manufacture of sulfur, hydrochloric acid, cement, glass, products used in photography, ceramics and refractory, industrial gases, paints, pigments, fertilizers - fermentation process for the production of ethanol - manufacture of citric acid, antibiotics, penicillin, soaps, detergents – petroleum refining process - process for the production of petrochemical precursors - production of resins, nature and synthetic rubber. 
• Diffusion in liquids - development of rate equation for the mass transfer - contracting devices for improving mass transfer characteristics - humidification, drying and crystallization - distillation, continuous rectification operation, absorption, liquid-liquid extraction and leaching - fundamental principles and design of the pressure, reaction vessels and related equipment in the above process. 
• Overview of industrial biochemical processes – industrially important microbial strains - enzymes used in industry, medicine and food - industrial production, purification and immobilization of enzymes - reactors types, characteristics and design - growth characteristics of microbial cells - free cell and immobilized cell reactors - downstream processing and effluent treatment. 

Candidates can check the VITMEE chemistry syllabus below -

• Atomic Structure 
• Planck’s quantum theory - wave-particle duality - Heisenberg’s principle  
• Schrodinger wave equation – particle in a box and hydrogen atom - VB and MO theories 
• Spectroscopy 
• Rotational and vibrational spectra - harmonic anharmonic oscillator and Rigid Rotor - selection rules - fundamentals, overtones and combinational bands - calculation of force constants (diatomic molecules) 
• Group frequencies - electronic spectroscopy - potential energy diagram – term symbols - selection rules – L-S and J-J coupling 
• Frank Condon principle - oscillator’s strength - effect of solvents on spectra 
• Thermodynamics 
• Laws of thermodynamics – First law - second law - third law (terms and their relations) 
• Chemical kinetics and equilibrium 
• The rate is constant of chemical reactions, temperature dependence, collision and transition state theories - consecutive and parallel reactions - chemical equilibrium and the response of chemical equilibrium to temperature and pressure. 
• d and f block elements 
• General characteristics of d and f block elements 
• Coordination chemistry; structure and isomerism; stability; theories of metal-ligand bonding (CFT and LFT); mechanisms of substitution and electron transfer reactions of coordination complexes 
• Electronic spectra and magnetic properties of transition metal complexes, lanthanides and actinides 
• Metal carbonyls, metal-metal bonds and metal atom clusters, metallocenes; transition metal complexes with bonds to hydrogen, alkyls, alkenes and arenes; metal carbenes; use of organometallic compounds as catalysts in organic synthesis 
• Bioinorganic chemistry of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Co, Zn, Cu and Mo 
• Solid State 
• Crystal systems and lattices, Miller planes, crystal packing, crystal defects 
• Bragg’s law, ionic crystals, band theory, metals and semiconductors, different structures of AX, AX2, AX3 compounds, spinels 
• Instrumental methods of analysis 
• Atomic absorption and emission spectroscopy including ICP-AES, UV-Visible spectrophotometry, NMR, Mass, Mossbauer spectroscopy (Fe and Sn) 
• ESR spectroscopy, chromatography including GC and HPLC, electroanalytical methods (coulometry, cyclic voltammetry, polarography - amperometry, and ion-selective electrodes) 
• Structural determination of organic and inorganic compounds using UV-Visible, IR, NMR and mass spectroscopy 
• Stereochemistry 
• Chirality of organic molecules with or without chiral centres 
• Specification of configuration in compounds having one or more stereogenic centres 
• Enantiotopic and diastereotopic atoms, groups and faces 
• Stereospecific synthesis 
• Conformational analysis of acyclic and cyclic compounds 
• Geometrical isomerism 
• Configurational and conformational effects on reactivity and selectivity/specificity 
• Reaction Mechanism 
• Electrophilic and Nucleophilic substitution reactions in aliphatic and aromatic compounds and their mechanisms 
• Addition and Elimination reactions and their mechanisms 
• Reaction intermediates carbocations, carbanions, carbenes, nitrenes and free radicals 
• Organic synthesis 
• Synthesis, reactions, mechanisms and selectivity involving the following - alkenes, alkynes, arenes, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, halides, nitro compounds and amines. 
• Use of compounds of Mg, Li, Cu, B and Si in organic synthesis. 
• Concepts in multistep synthesis - retrosynthetic analysis, disconnections, synthons, synthetic equivalents, umpolung in chemistry, selectivity, protection and deprotection of functional groups. 
• Heterocyclic compounds 
• Structure and reactions of furan, pyrrole, thiophene, pyridine, indole and their derivatives. 
• Biomolecules 
• Structure, properties and reactions of mono- and disaccharides, physicochemical properties of amino acids, chemical synthesis of peptides, structural features of proteins, nucleic acids, steroids, terpenoids, carotenoids, and alkaloids. 

Candidates can check the VITMEE civil engineering below -

• Engineering Mathematics 
• Linear Algebra - Matrix algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigen values and eigenvectors. 
• Calculus - Functions of single variable, Limit, continuity and differentiability, Mean value theorems, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial derivatives, Total derivative, Maxima and minima, Gradient, Divergence and Curl, Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green’s theorems. 
• Differential equations - First order equations (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Laplace transforms, Solutions of one-dimensional heat and wave equations and Laplace equation. 
• Complex variables - Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem, Taylor and Laurent series. 
• Probability and Statistics - Definitions of probability and sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode and standard deviation, Random variables, Poisson, Normal and Binomial distributions. 
• Numerical Methods - Numerical solutions of linear and non-linear algebraic equations Integration by trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule, single and multi-step methods for differential equations. 
• Structural Engineering 
• Mechanics - Bending moment and shear force in statically determinate beams. Simple stress and strain relationship Stress and strain in two dimensions, principal stresses, stress transformation, Mohr’s circle. Simple bending theory, flexural and shear stresses, unsymmetrical bending, shear centre. Thin-walled pressure vessels, uniform torsion, buckling of column, combined and direct bending stresses. 
• Structural Analysis - Analysis of statically determinate trusses, arches, beams, cables and frames, displacements in statically determinate structures and analysis of statically indeterminate structures by force/ energy methods, analysis by displacement methods (slope deflection method), influence lines for determinate and indeterminate structures. Basic concepts of matrix methods of structural analysis. 
• Concrete Structures - Concrete Technology- properties of concrete, basics of mix design. Concrete design-basic working stress and limit state design concepts, analysis of ultimate load capacity and design of members subjected to flexure, shear, compression and torsion by limit state methods. Basic elements of prestressed concrete, analysis of beam sections at transfer and service loads. 
• Steel Structures - Analysis and design of tension and compression members, beams and beam-columns, column bases. Connections simple and eccentric, beam-column connections, plate girders and trusses. Plastic analysis of beams and frames. 
• Geotechnical Engineering 
• Soil Mechanics - Origin of soils, soil classification, three-phase system, fundamental definitions, relationship and interrelationships, permeability and seepage, effective stress principle, consolidation, compaction, shear strength. 
• Foundation Engineering - Sub-surface investigations- scope, drilling boreholes, sampling, penetration tests, plate load test. Earth pressure theories, the effect of the water table, layered soils. Stability of slopes-infinite slopes, finite slopes. Foundation types foundation design requirements. Shallow foundations bearing capacity, the effect of shape, water table and other factors, stress distribution, settlement analysis in sands and clays. Deep foundations - pile types, dynamic and static formulae, load capacity of piles in sands and clays, negative skin friction. 
• Water Resources Engineering 
• Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics - Properties of fluids, the principle of conservation of mass, momentum, energy and corresponding equations, potential flow, applications of momentum and Bernoulli’s equation, laminar and turbulent flow, flow in pipes, pipe networks. Concept of boundary layer and its growth. Uniform flow, critical flow and gradually varied flow in channels, specific energy concept, hydraulic jump. Forces on immersed bodies, flow measurements in channels, tanks and pipes. Dimensional analysis and hydraulic modelling. Kinematics of flow, velocity triangles and specific speed of pumps and turbines. 
• Hydrology - Hydrologic cycle, rainfall, evaporation, infiltration, stage-discharge relationships, unit hydrographs, flood estimation, reservoir capacity, reservoir and channel routing. Well hydraulics. 
• Irrigation - Duty, delta, estimation of evapotranspiration. Crop water requirements. Design of lined and unlined canals, waterways, headworks, gravity dams and spillways. Design of weirs on permeable foundation. Types of irrigation systems, irrigation methods. Waterlogging and drainage, sodic soils. 
• Environmental Engineering 
• Water requirements - Quality standards, basic unit processes and operations for water treatment. Drinking water standards, water requirements, basic unit operations and unit processes for surface water treatment, distribution of water. Sewage and sewerage treatment, quantity and characteristics of wastewater. Primary, secondary and tertiary treatment of wastewater, sludge disposal, effluent discharge standards. Domestic wastewater treatment, quantity of characteristics of domestic wastewater, primary and secondary treatment Unit operations and unit processes of domestic wastewater, sludge disposal. 
• Air Pollution - Types of pollutants, their sources and impacts, air pollution meteorology, air pollution control, air quality standards and limits. 
• Municipal Solid Wastes - Characteristics, generation, collection and transportation of solid wastes, engineered systems for solid waste management (reuse/ recycle, energy recovery, treatment and disposal). 
• Noise Pollution - Impacts of noise, permissible limits of noise pollution, measurement of noise and control of noise pollution. 
• Transportation Engineering 
• Highway Planning - Geometric design of highways, testing and specifications of paving materials, design of flexible and rigid pavements. 
• Traffic Engineering - Traffic characteristics, theory of traffic flow, intersection design, traffic signs and signal design, highway capacity. 

Candidates can check the VITMEE 2026 Computer Science and Engineering, IT & Software Technology below -

• Engineering Mathematics 
• Mathematical Logic - Syntax of First-Order Logic, Semantics of First-Order Logic, a Sequent Calculus, the Completeness Theorem, the Limitations of First-Order Logic. 
• Differential and Integral Calculus - Limit, Continuity, Differentiability, Leibniz theorem, Mean Value Theorems, Taylor’s theorem, Integrals, Improper integrals, Total Differentiation, Partial derivatives, Maxima and Minima, vector calculus, Linear differential equations. 
• Probability and Statistics - Probability, conditional probability, Baye’s theorem, means, median, mode, moments, standard deviation. Random variables, Uniform, Binomial, Poisson, normal distributions, Correlation and regression, Sampling and Tests of significance. 
• Numerical Methods - Solutions to algebraic and transcendental equations(Bisection and Newton Raphsons’ methods), simultaneous linear algebraic equations(Gauss elimination, Crouts, Gauss seidal and relaxation), Interpolation methods (forward, backward and central), numerical integration (Trapezoidal, Simpson’s and Weddle’s) eigen values and eigen vectors, Numerical solutions to ordinary (Euler, modified Euler, Runga Kutta 4th order) and partial differential ( parabolic, elliptic and Hyperbolic) equations. 
• Linear Algebra and Transforms - Linear vector space, determinants, matrices, eigen values, eigen vectors, elements of complex analysis, laplace transforms, Fourier analysis. 
• Theoretical Computer Science 
• Discrete Mathematics: Sets, relations and functions, algebra of matrices and determinants, algebraic structures, Booleanalgebra and applications, order relations and structures, graph theory, logic and combinatorics 
• Theory of computation: Regular languages and finite automata, context free languages and Push down automata, recursively enumerable sets and Turing machines, undecidability. 
• Analysis of algorithms and computational complexity: Asymptotic analysis ( best , worst, average case) oftime and space, Upper and lower bounds on the complexity of specific problems, NP-completeness, code and query tuning techniques, numerical analysis, power analysis & resiliency, intractable problems. 
• Computer Hardware 
• Electronics: Network analysis, semiconductor devices, bipolar transistors, FET’s, Power supplies, amplifier, Oscillators, Operational amplifiers, elements of digital electronics, logic circuits. 
• Digital logic: Number systems and codes, Gates, TTL circuits, Boolean algebra and Karnaugh maps, Arithmetic logic units, Flip flops, registers and counters, Memories, Combinational and sequential logic circuits . 
• Computer Architecture and organization: Machine instructions and addressing modes, ALU and data path, Register Transfer Language, hardware and micro programmed control, memory interface, RAM, ROM I/O interface ( Interrupt and DMA modes), serial communication interface, instruction pipelining, Cache, main and secondary memory storage, organization and structure of disk drives, RAID architectures Microprocessors: 8085, 8086, Interfacing and memory addressing. 
• Software systems 
• Data structures: Notion of abstract data types, stack, Queue, List, set, string, Tree, binary search trees, heap, graph. 
• Programming methodology: Introduction to programming, pointers, arrays, control structures, Iterational control structures, functions, recursion, testing, debugging, code review, structures, files. 
• Algorithms for problem solving: Tree and graph traversal, connected components, spanning trees, shortest paths, hashing, sorting, searching, design paradigms (Greed y, dynamic programming, divide and conquer). 
• Programming language processors: Compiler, Interpreter, assembler, Linker, Loader, Macro processors, phases of compilers, Lexical analysis, parsing, Top-down parsing and bottom up parsing, syntax directed translation, runtime environment, Symbol table, type checking, intermediate Code generation, Code optimization, code generation. 
• Operating Systems: Memory management, page faults, overlay, processor management, device management, dead locks, Process, thread and inter process communication, CPU scheduling, file systems, I/O systems, protection and security. 
• System & program development methodology: Software paradigms, principles of programming inany language, documentation, system analysis and design methodologies, User Interface Design (UID), software construction, software testing, software quality, Object Oriented Aanlaysis and Design (OOAD) concepts. 
• Management Information systems: Aspects of Management and Information systems, decision support and operation support system, sys t ems approaches to MIS, computers and information system in business. 
• Databases management systems: Data, database and DBMS, Data dictionary/directory, schema, description of database structure, forms of DBMS systems, Hierarchical, network and RDBMS, DDL, DML , stored data s tructure language and query language, Recent trends in database management systems, Memory management techniques used in computers, query languages(SQL), file structures ( sequential files, indexing, B* trees) Transactions and concurrency control, Basic concepts of transaction processing , ACID properties of transactions, serializability of transactions, concurrency control, recovery, OLAP. 
• Computer networks & Data communications: Analog versus Digital communication, modems, multiplexers, and concentrators, serial versus parallel communication, simplex, duplex, and half duplex communication, synchronous and asynchronous communication, Error detection/correction methods, data link control protocols, balanced and unbalanced interfaces, communication media, ISO/OSI stack, Sliding window protocol, LAN Technologies (Ethernet, Token ring), TCP/UDP, IP, switches, gateways, and routers. 
• Web technologies: HTML, XML, Concepts of network and internet, WWW and HTTP, web server, web applications, load balancing and application server, web securities. 
• Computing Technologies: Client server computing, Logical layers in client server architecture, Two-tier versus Three-tier, Distributed computing, Middleware, Mobile Computing, Cloud Computing. 

The VITMEE 2026 syllabus for electronics and communication engineering is as follows -

• Linear Algebra: Matrix Algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. 
• Calculus: Mean value theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial Derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Fourier series. Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green’s theorems. 
• Differential equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, Method of variation of parameters, Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations, Initial and boundary Value problems, Partial Differential Equations and variable separable method. 
• Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem and integral formula, Taylor’s and Laurent series, Residue theorem, solution integrals. 
• Numerical Methods: Solutions of non-linear algebraic equations, single and multi-step methods for differential equations. 
• Transform Theory: Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Z-transform. 
• Network 
• Network graphs: Matrices associated with graphs; incidence, fundamental cut set and fundamental circuit matrices. Solution methods: nodal and mesh analysis. Network theorems: superposition, Thevenin and Norton’s, maximum power transfer, wye-delta transformation, steady state sinusoidal analysis using phasors, Fourier series, linear constant coefficient differential and difference equations; time domain analysis of simple RLC circuits. Laplace and Z transforms: frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits, convolution, 2-port network parameters, driving point and transfer functions, state equation for networks. 
• Analog Circuits: Characteristics and equivalent circuits (large and small signal) of diodes, BJT, JFETsand MOSFET simple diode circuits: clipping, clamping, rectifier, biasing and bias stability of transistor and FET amplifiers. Amplifiers: single and multi-stage, differential, operational, feedback and power. Analysis of amplifiers; frequency response of amplifiers. Simple op-amp circuits. Filters. Sinusoidal oscillators: criterion for oscillation; single-transistor and op-amp configurations. Function generators and waveshaping circuits, Power supplies. 
• Digital Circuits: Boolean algebra; minimisation of Boolean functions; logic gates; digital IC families (DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combinational circuits: arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers and decoders. Sequential circuits: latches and flip-flops, counters and shift-registers. Comparators, timers, multivibrators. Sample and hold circuits, ADCs and DACs. Semiconductor memories. Microprocessor (8085): architecture, programming, memory and I/O interfacing 
• Control Systems: Basic control system components; block diagrammatic description, reduction of block diagrams, properties of systems: linearity, time-invariance, stability, causality. Open loop and closed loop (feedback) systems. Special properties of linear time-invariance (LTI) systems- transfer function, impulse response, poles, zeros, their significance and stability analysis of these systems. Signal flow graphs and their use in determining transfer functions of systems; transient and steady state analysis of LTI system and frequency response. Tools and techniques for LTI control system analysis: Root, loci, Routh-Hurwitz criterion, Bode and Nyquist plots; Control system compensators: elements of lead and lag compensations, elements of proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control. State variable representation and solution of state equation for LTI systems. 
• Communication Systems: Fourier analysis of signals - amplitude, phase and power spectrum, auto-correlation and cross-correlation and their Fourier transforms. Signal transmission through linear time-invariant (LTI) systems, impulse response and frequency response, group delay phase delay. Analog modulation systems-amplitude and angle modulation and demodulation systems, spectral analysis of these operations, superheterodyne receivers, elements of hardware realisations of analog communication systems. Basic sampling theorems. Pulse code modulation (PCM), differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), delta modulation (DM). Digital modulation schemes: amplitude, phase and frequency shift keying schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK). Multiplexing – time division and frequency division. Additive Gaussian noise; characterisation using correlation, probability density function (PDF), and power spectral density (PSD). Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) calculations for amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) for low noise conditions. 
• Electromagnetics: Elements of vector calculus: gradient, divergence and curl; Gauss and Stokes theorems, Maxwell's equation: differential and integral forms. Wave equation. Poynting vector. Plane waves: propagation through different media; about reflection and refraction; phase and group velocity, and skin depth. Transmission lines: Characteristic impedance; impedance transformation; Smith chart; impedance matching pulse excitation. Wave guides: modes in rectangular waveguides; boundary conditions; cut-off frequencies; dispersion relations. Antennas; Dipole antennas; antenna arrays; radiation pattern; reciprocity theorem, antenna gain. 

• Engineering Mathematics 
• Linear Algebra: Matrix Algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigenvalues and eigen vectors. 
• Calculus: Mean value theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial Derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Fourier series. Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green’s theorems. 
• Differential equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, Method of variation of parameters, Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Partial Differential Equations and variable separable method. 
• Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem and integral formula, Taylor’s andLaurent series, Residue theorem, solution integrals. 
• Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, Conditional probability, Mean, median, mode and standard deviation, Random variables, Discrete and continuous distributions, Poisson, Normal and Binomial distributions, Correlation and regression analysis. 
• Numerical Methods: Solutions of non-linear algebraic equations, single and multi-step methods for differential equations. 
• Transform Theory: Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Z-transform. 
• Electrical Engineering 
• Electric Circuits, Fields and Devices: Network graph, KCL, KVL, node and mesh analysis, transientresponse of dc and ac networks; sinusoidal s teady- state analysis, resonance, basic filter concepts, ideal current and voltage sources, Thevenin’s Norton’s and Superposition and Maximum Power Transfer theorems, two-port networks, three phase circuits; Gauss Theorem, electric field and potential due to point, line, plane and spherical charge distributions; Ampere’s and Biot- Savart’s laws; inductance; dielectrics; capacitance, Rectifier diodes, transistors, MOSFETs, Biasing, Half and Full wave rectification, JFETs. 
• Signals and Systems: Representation of continuous and discrete-time signals; shifting and scaling operations; linear, time-invariant and causal systems; Fourier series representation of continuous periodic signals; sampling theorem; Fourier, Laplace and Z transforms. 
• Electrical Machines: Single phase transformer–equivalent circuit, phasor diagram, tests, regulation andefficiency; three phase transformers - connections, parallel operation; auto-transformer; energy conversion principles; DC machines - types, windings, generator characteristics, armature reaction and commutation, starting and speed control of motors; three phase induction motors - principles, types, performance characteristics, starting and speed control; single phase induction motors; synchronous machines - performance, regulation and parallel operation of generators, motor starting, characteristics and applications; servo and stepper motors.  
• Power Systems: Basic power generation concepts; transmission line models and performance; cableperformance, insulation; corona and radio interference; dis tri bution sy s t ems; per-unit quantities; bus impedance and admittance matrices; load flow; voltage control; power factor correction; economic operation; symmetrical components; fault analysis; principles of over-current, differential and distance protection; solid state relays and digital protection; circuit breakers; system stability concepts, swing curves and equal area criterion; HVDC transmission and FACTS concepts. 
• Control Systems: Principles of feedback; transfer function; block diagrams; steady-state errors; Routh and Niquist techniques; Bode plots; root loci; lag, lead and lead-lag compensation; state space model; state transition matrix, controllability and observability. 
• Electrical and Electronic Measurements: Bridges and potentiometers; PMMC, moving iron , dynamometer and induction type instruments; measurement of voltage, current, power, energy and power factor; instrument transformers; digital voltmeters and multimeters; phase, time and frequency measurement; Q-meters; oscilloscopes; potentiometric recorders; error analysis. 
• Analog and Digital Electronics: Characteristics of diodes, BJT, FET; amplifiers - biasing, equivalentcircuit and frequency response; oscillators and feedback amplifiers; operational amplifiers - characteristics and applications; simple active filters; VCOs and timers; combinational and sequential logic circuits; multiplexer; Schmitt trigger; multi-vibrators; sample and hold circuits; A/D and D/A converters; 8-bit microprocessor basics, architecture, programming and interfacing. 
• Power Electronics and Drives: Semiconductor power diodes, transistors, thyristors, triacs, GTOs, MOSFETs, and IGBTs - static characteristics and principles of operation; triggering circuits; phase control rectifiers; bridge converters - fully controlled and half-controlled; principles of choppers and inverters; basic concepts of adjustable speed dc and ac drives. 

• Engineering Mathematics 
• Linear Algebra: Matrix Algebra, Systems of linear equations, Eigenvalues and eigenvectors. 
• Calculus: Mean value theorems, Theorems of integral calculus, Evaluation of definite and improper integrals, Partial Derivatives, Maxima and minima, Multiple integrals, Fourier series. Vector identities, Directional derivatives, Line, Surface and Volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and Green’s theorems. 
• Differential equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), Higher order linear differential equations with constant coefficients, Method of variation of parameters, Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations, Initial and boundary value problems, Partial Differential Equations and variable separable method. 
• Complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem and integral formula, Taylor’s andLaurent series, Residue theorem, solution integrals. 
• Instrumentation Engineering 
• Kirchhoff’s laws, mesh and nodal Analysis.Circuit theorems. One-port and two-port Network Functions. Static and dynamic characteristics of Measurement Systems. Error and uncertainty analysis. Statistical analysis of data and curve fitting. 
• Transducers, Mechanical Measurement and Industrial Instrumentation: Resistive, Capacitive, Inductive and piezoelectric transducers and their signal conditioning. Measurement of displacement, velocity and acceleration (translational and rotational), force, torque, vibration and shock. Measurement of pressure, flow, temperature and liquid level. Measurement of pH, conductivity, viscosity and humidity. 
• Analog Electronics: Characteristics of diode, BJT, JFET and MOSFET. Diode circuits. Transistors at low and high frequencies, Amplifiers, single and multi-stage. Feedback amplifiers. Operational amplifiers, characteristics and circuit configurations. Instrumentation amplifier. Precision rectifier. V-to-I and I-to-V converter. Op-Amp-based active filters. Oscillators and signal generators. 
• Digital Electronics: Combinational logic circuits, minimisation of Boolean functions. IC families, TTL, MOS and CMOS. Arithmetic circuits. Comparators, Schmitt trigger, timers and monostable multivibrator. Sequential circuits, flip-flops, counters, shift registers. Multiplexer, S/H circuit. Analog-to-Digital and Digital to-Analogue converters. Basics of the number system. Microprocessor applications, memory and input-output interfacing. Microcontrollers. 
• Signals, Systems and Communications: Periodic and aperiodic signals. Impulse response, transfer function and frequency response of first- and second-order systems. Convolution, correlation and characteristics of linear time invariant systems. Discrete time system, impulse and frequency response. Pulse transfer function. IIR and FIR filters. Amplitude and frequency modulation and demodulation. Sampling theorem, pulse code modulation. Frequency and time division multiplexing. Amplitude shift keying, frequency shift keying and pulse shift keying for digital modulation. 
• Electrical and Electronic Measurements: Bridges and potentiometers, measurement of R, L andC. Measurements of voltage, current, power, power factor and energy. A.C. & D.C current probes. Extension of instrument ranges. Q-meter and waveform analyser. Digital voltmeter and multimeter. Time, phase and frequency measurements. Cathode ray oscilloscope. Serial and parallel communication. Shielding and grounding. 
• Control Systems and Process Control: Feedback principles. Signal flow graphs. Transient Response, steady-state- errors. Routh and Nyquist critera. Bode plot, root loci. Time delay systems. Phase and gain margin. States pace representation of systems. Mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic system components. Synchro pair, servo and step motors. On- off, cascade, P, P-I, P-I-D, feed forward and derivative controllers, Fuzzy controllers. 
• Analytical, Optical and Biomedical Instrumentation: Mass spectrometry. UV, visible and IR spectroscopy. X-ray and nuclear radiation measurements. Optical sources and detectors, LED, laser, photo-diode, photo, resistor and their characteristics. Interferometers, applications in metrology. Basics of fibre optics. Biomedical instruments, EEG, ECG and EMG. Clinical Measurements. Ultrasonic transducers and Ultrasonography. Principles of Computer-Assisted Tomography.