Biotechnology Subjects List 2025: Check Semester-wise Subjects & Syllabus

Updated on May 20, 2025 05:58 IST
Diya Nihalani

Diya NihalaniContent Author

Biotechnology is a vast subject built on the foundation of biology. With its knowledge, professionals create technologies and products that enhance human life. Depending on your preference and subject to your eligibility conditions, you can study Biotechnology as an undergraduate, diploma, certification, or postgraduate major. As a career in Biotechnology is not industry-specific, students prefer to take this course. Students who have studied PCMB and PCB can undertake undergraduate courses in Biotechnology. B.Sc. and B.Tech in Biotechnology are preferred courses by students.

List of Subjects in Biotechnology

Typical Core Subjects for Biotechnology

Subject title

Subject details

Introductory Biology

The syllabus of this subject is a unification of life sciences, engineering, and physical sciences. Students understand the basic principles of Biology and develop new solutions using engineering for the environment, industry, and other fields. The objective of this subject is to provide the basic knowledge of biological sciences and study its applications.

 

Some parts of the syllabus are:

  • Evolution of life

  • Origin of life

  • Biodiversity

  • Three domains of life

  • Nutrients

  • Genes and chromosomes

  • DNA replication

  • Transcription and translation

  • Biological Systems

Biochemical Process Calculations

Through this subject, students learn the basic principles of energy and material balances that are required in biochemical engineering. The main focus of this course is on solving the material or energy balances for selected unit operations and processes that are available in the biotechnology industry. You can establish the mathematical methodologies that help in computation in biochemical engineering. You can also get an overview of the industrial biochemical processes.

 

Some parts of the syllabus are:

  • Dimensions and units

  • Basic biochemical calculations

  • Material balances without biochemical reaction

  • Material balances involving biochemical reaction

Genetics

The subject helps in understanding classical, modern, and quantitative genetics. You will learn the rate at which the members of a population are likely to develop a particular disease. Accordingly, you will be able to manage the risks. Understanding developmental pathways will help you know the genetic causes behind the disease.

 

Some parts of the syllabus are:

  • Genes, chromosomes, and heredity

  • Cell division and cell cycle

  • Chromosome mutations

  • Linkage, crossing over, and chromosome mapping

  • Sex determination and sex-linked characteristics

Biochemistry

This subject helps in understanding many processes in plants and animals. It helps in crop improvement and drug discovery. Students are introduced to the basic concepts of Biochemistry and metabolism in plants and animals.

 

Some parts of the syllabus are:

  • Structure and function of biomolecules

  • Basic concept and design of metabolism

  • Nitrogen fixation

  • Integration of metabolisms

Typical Elective Subjects for Biotechnology

 

Subject title

Subject details

Human Biology and Diseases

You will understand the structure of the human body and its function. The subject will also introduce the preliminary concepts of common diseases and the modern therapeutic aims and advancements. With the knowledge of the human body and diseases, you will be encouraged to think of engineering solutions for the problems in the healthcare field.

Plant Biotechnology

Students learn about the basic concepts of the plant cell system, genetic engineering, plant transformation, and bioprocess technology. The subject also teaches the applications of these concepts to help them meet the challenges of the new areas of the biotechnology industry.

Systems Biology

The subject introduces students to the ideas and mathematical tools of Systems Biology. It teaches the mathematical aspects of the course in three categories:

  • Deterministic models,

  • Stochastic models, and

  • Graph theory-based analysis of biological networks

Detailed Syllabus for Biotechnology

See the Biotechnology subjects in details in the following table.

Semester

Core/Elective

Subject title

Subject Details

1 & 2

Microbiology

Microbiology I and II

Students learn to identify microbes and study their structure, metabolism, and industrial applications. They also learn multiple sterilisation techniques and their effects. With the foundation received from this subject, advanced-level understanding becomes easier. Then, students can carry out microbiological techniques like isolation and staining.

3

Cell Biology

Cell Biology

The subject aims to provide the basic knowledge of cells, cell organelles, structure and function of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, different compartments of a cell organelle, cell division, and cell events like respiration and photosynthesis. By the end of the semester, students will understand cancer, the types of cancer, and its etiology.

4

Immunology

Immunology

Students will learn the anatomy and physiology of the human body. The subject teaches you the basic terminologies in immunology. It describes the interaction of antibodies in cell-mediated immune responses. You will also learn about the principles and types of vaccines. Once completed, you will describe the production of recombinant vaccines and monoclonal antibodies.

5

Bioinformatics

Bioinformatics

The subject helps you learn the most techniques used with biological data. It helps in studying the databases of DNA and proteins in parallel to the current concepts of bioinformatics and their implementation. Students get to learn more about protein structure, and equipped with this information, they can handle proteins with ease. Once completed, you will know about the storage, retrieval, use, and sharing of biological tools, information, and data.

5

Bioreactor Analysis and Technology

Bioreactor Analysis and Technology

With the knowledge of chemical kinetics, integration, and differentiation, you will be learning the basic concepts of a bioreactor design through this subject. It teaches you about the types of ideal and non-ideal reactors. You can design reactors for different processes. Also, you will be able to select the relevant data and apply the right principles for practical process engineering.

6

Food technology

Food technology

With the support of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, you can easily learn more about different areas in connection to Food Science and Technology. The subjects help you learn about the composition of food. They go into detail to understand the microbiological, nutritional, and physiochemical aspects of food. Students are made familiar with the preservation techniques and processing methods of food items.

7

Enzyme Engineering

Enzyme Engineering

It provides a valuable insight into the working of enzyme molecules, gives their structure, constructions, and interactions with cellular molecules, along with the idea of the process of catalysis. Deeper learning of the subject will help you in engineering enzymes that are durable. You will also know how to troubleshoot problems and monitor in-vitro and in-vivo activities.

8

Environmental Biotechnology

Environmental Biotechnology

The subject stands on the foundation of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology. It serves as an introduction to the current biotechnological techniques and approaches implemented using microbes.

Specialisations offered in Biotechnology

Biotechnology is an umbrella term that we use for covering expansive topics like genetics, microbiology, engineering, biochemistry, and chemistry. The applications of this study spread far and wide to industries like agriculture, animal husbandry, pollution control, energy production and conservation, disease research, eco-conservation, vaccines, insecticides, the development of medicines, and fertilizers.

Specialisation

Subjects

Details

Plant Biology

  • Algology and Bryology

  • Mycology

  • Cell Biology and Evolution

  • Animal Diversity

  • Microbiology

  • Plant Anatomy

  • Plant Biotechnology

  • Phytochemicals

  • Agriculture and Horticulture

  • Microbial Technology

Students interested in plant biotechnology often choose this Specialisations. You will be studying plant life and applying technical methods to living organisms and the environment.

Virology

  • Basic Virology

  • Basic Immunology

  • Tissue Culture and Cell Biology

  • Basic Epidemiology and Biostatistics

  • Virology Methods

  • Virus/Antigen Detection

Specialisations in Virology allows students to learn in detail about human viral diseases, the definition and evolution of viruses, and the mechanism of viruses. Upon completion, students get involved in the research of viruses and the diseases related to them.

Ecology

  • Physiological Ecology

  • Community Ecology

  • Population Ecology

  • Geographic Ecology

  • Landscape Ecology

The Specialisations offers a deep insight into the relationships among various organisms. It talks about the mutual influence of the environment in which organisms are living and the organisms themselves.

 

Books and Authors Related to Biotechnology

As Biotechnology is a highly versatile field with many Specialisations students follow a wide range of books during their graduation or post graduation. Listed below are some books that are highly referred to.

Subject

Book title

Author

Description

Cell Biology

Molecular Cell Biology

H Lodish et al

Molecular Cell Biology explains the link between human diseases and cell biology using relevant medical examples.

Biochemistry

Principles of Biochemistry

Lehninger, and Cox, and Nelson

Using resources and icons for each principle, the authors identify and explain the most important principles of Biochemistry.

Genetics

Genetics

MW Strickberger

This acclaimed book for classical genetics covers the basic theoretical information and the study of heredity through experiments and reasoning.

Immunology

The Elements of Immunology

Khan F. H

The author expertly breaks the confusing concept of complex molecular mechanisms into easy-to-understand steps in this book.

Biochemistry

Chemical Process Principles

Ragatz, Hougen, and Watson

The authors help students strengthen their ability to calculate chemical solutions by providing many problems at the end of every chapter.

Syllabus for Distance Programme in Biotechnology

Students who cannot afford full-time courses can get their degrees through distance education. Also, students who are unable to meet the eligibility requirements for full-time courses, opt for part-time or distance B.Tech in Biotechnology programs. The syllabus of distance education programs is remarkably similar to the regular programs. The evaluation format (30% for internal assessment and 70% for the end semester examination) is nearly the same as the regular courses.

The top colleges for distance education in Biotechnology courses are GCT Coimbatore, SIT Darjeeling, UEC Ujjain, PMIST Thanjavur, GCE Salem, IIMT University Meerut, and SRM Institute of Science and Technology.

Biotechnology Syllabus: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q. What is the scope of Biotechnology?

A. Some subjects covered in B.Tech in Biotechnology courses are: • Human Biology • Cell Biology • Plant Science • Microbiology • Structural Biochemistry • Food Microbiology • Genetics • Immunology • Food Processing

Q. Is Biotechnology a good course?

A. Generally, B.Tech in Biotechnology is considered one of the most preferred options by students who are passionate about biology and engineering. The course prepares students with many transferable skills that help them land high-paying jobs. It contains many specializations to choose from, and its interdisciplinary nature helps students acquire jobs in many industries.

Q. What is the salary of a Biotechnology professional?

A. The average salary of a B.Tech in Biotechnology professional ranges between Rs. 2 lakh per annum and Rs. 10 lakh per annum. This salary varies depending on your choice of career. You can become a medical writing executive, medical representative, professional lab technician, microbiologist, or one of the many other professionals.

Q. Will I get a job after the Biotechnology course?

A. After completing B.Tech in Biotechnology, you can become one of the following professionals: • Research Scientist • Lecturer of Biology • Production In-Charge • Quality Control Officer • Biotechnologist

Q. Which is better: B.Sc. Biotechnology or B.Tech Biotechnology?

A. Both B. Sc. Biotechnology and B.Tech Biotechnology courses have their merits. The choice of either one of these depends on your long-term goals. If you wish to learn in detail about industrial processes, B.Tech in Biotechnology offers better practical knowledge. On the contrary, students wishing to perform R&D in Biological Sciences can opt for B.Sc. and M.Sc. programs.

Q. Does Biotechnology require NEET ?

A. Biotechnology is a field that studies the combination of Biology and Technology. As it is an engineering course, it does not require NEET scores for admission.

Q. Which type of Biotechnology is the best?

A. The Biotechnology careers in the most demand are Microbiologists, Epidemiologists, R&D Scientists, Medical Scientists, Biotechnological Technicians, and Clinical Lab Technologists. Depending on your preferences, you can select one of these careers to achieve excellence in your field.

Q. Is there any entrance exam for Biotechnology?

A. Yes. You can appear for one of the many entrance exams conducted for Biotechnology courses. For admission in B.Sc. programs, the most preferred exams are DUET, KIITEE, JMI Entrance exam, and KCET. The major entrance exams for B.Tech courses are JEE Mains, JEE Advanced, MHTCET, UPSEE, WBJEE, OJEE, KCET, COMEDK, and BCECT.

Q. Is JEE required for Biotechnology?

A. Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) Mains and Advanced are compulsory for getting admission into IITs, NITs, and other nationally reputed institutions for providing an excellent education. With the help of JEE Mains scores, you can get into many local colleges as well.

Q. Is Biotechnology hard to study?

A. Biotechnology is a combination of Biology and Technology. This makes it a complex branch of science that requires dedicated study of theoretical topics and understanding of life processes. Additionally, you must have a passion for continuously seeking the best opportunities for getting practical training and hands-on experience.

Q. Do you need Math for Biotechnology?

A. You must have studied Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics as compulsory subjects for seeking admission into engineering colleges. If you’re pursuing a B.Sc. in Biotechnology, Mathematics is not a compulsory subject.

Q. Is Biology compulsory for B.Tech in Biotechnology?

A. Biology is only compulsory for admission into some universities. If you wish to get admitted to B.Tech in Biotechnology courses in the best colleges like IITs and NITs, you must have studied Biology as a core subject in 10+2. However, if you wish to get into other colleges like VJIT, DY Patil Colleges, and others, studying Biology is optional.

Q. Can PCB students do B.Tech in Biotechnology?

A. Biotechnology graduate or postgraduate has a thorough knowledge of biology, physics, engineering, mathematics, and chemistry. They can develop the technology required for making products and processes for biological systems and living organisms. With the acquired knowledge, a Biotechnology graduate can get into these fields:

Table of contents
  • Popular Biotechnology Course Colleges in India
  • Popular Private Biotechnology Course Colleges in India
  • Popular Exams
  • Most Popular Courses
  • Popular Biotechnology Course UG Courses
  • Popular Biotechnology Course PG Courses

Popular Biotechnology Course Colleges in India

Following are the most popular Biotechnology Course Colleges in India. Learn more about these Biotechnology Course colleges (Courses, Reviews, Answers & more) by downloading the Brochure.
3 Courses
20.95 K - 42.7 K
6 - 9.25 LPA

#3 NIRF

1 Course
432
9.5 LPA

#7 NIRF

3 L - 20.18 L
6.5 LPA

#38 NIRF

Biotechnology Applications open. Apply Now

#2 NIRF

1 Course
5.0
8.3 LPA

#23 NIRF

1 Course
12 K
7.2 LPA

#6 NIRF

Popular Private Biotechnology Course Colleges in India

2.78 L - 6.28 L
3.6

#113 India Today

2 Courses
1.35 L - 1.54 L
3.5
2.7 L - 3.75 L
5.0

#21 Times

2 Courses
2.84 L - 3.47 L
3.5
3.12 L - 6.28 L
4.0

#34 NIRF

Biotechnology Applications open. Apply Now

Popular Exams

Following are the top exams for Biotechnology Course. Students interested in pursuing a career on Biotechnology Course, generally take these important exams.You can also download the exam guide to get more insights.

Mar '26

CUET 2026 Application Process

TENTATIVE

May '26 - Jun '26

CUET 2026 Exam

TENTATIVE

Dec '25

CUET PG Exam Notification

TENTATIVE

Jan '26 - Feb '26

CUET PG 2026 Application Process

TENTATIVE

Nov '25

UPCATET 2025 Physical Counselling Registration UG...

TENTATIVE

Nov '25

UPCATET Campus Counselling 2025 for PhD

TENTATIVE

16 Aug ' 25 - 19 Aug ' 25

IISER 2025 Round 4 Seat Allotment

8 Aug ' 25 - 12 Aug ' 25

IISER 2025 Round 3 Seat Allotment

Popular Biotechnology Course UG Courses

Following are the most popular Biotechnology Course UG Courses . You can explore the top Colleges offering these UG Courses by clicking the links below.

UG Courses

Popular Biotechnology Course PG Courses

Following are the most popular Biotechnology Course PG Courses . You can explore the top Colleges offering these PG Courses by clicking the links below.

PG Courses

qna

Student Forum

chatAnything you would want to ask experts?
Write here...

Answered 2 days ago

Hi.

Yes absolutely you can do M.Sc biotechnology in IIT after B.Sc agriculture.  B.Sc. in Agriculture is a valid background for pursuing an M.Sc. in Biotechnology at several premier IITs. Your focus should be on preparing well for the IIT JAM exam and ensuring you meet the specific subject prerequisi

...Read more

h

heena agrawal

Scholar-Level 17

Answered 3 days ago

Hi.

Universities which have low fees and average cutoff of CUET are.

Within Chhattisgarh
  • Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (GGU), Bilaspur
    :
    • Type: Central University (Government).
    • Accepts: CUET PG scores for M.Sc. Biotechnology and Microbiology.
    • Fees: Relatively low, approximately ₹29,700 for the first year (B

...Read more

h

heena agrawal

Scholar-Level 17

Answered 6 days ago

Hi Sarojani,

For admission to the MSc Biotechnology program at the University of Mumbai, candidates are typically selected based on merit in the qualifying BSc degree—there is no separate entrance exam conducted by the university for this course.

A

Akash deb

Beginner-Level 1

Answered a week ago

Many of the universities that offers MS in Biotechnology in Germany do not have any tuition fees for international students but can go up to INR 3 Lakhs for the first year. The costs of studying MS in Biotechnology in Germany are mentioned in the table below:

University

MS in Biotechnology 1st-Year Tuition Fee

Technical University of Munich No fees 
Heidelberg University - GermanyINR 3 Lakhs 
RWTH Aachen UniversityNo fees
Johannes Gutenberg UniversityNo fees

51812419
Tasneem Hoda

Contributor-Level 10

Answered a month ago

Biotechnology students regularly get to explore Science beyond books through incentive workshops and events. Expert talks on global challenges, emerging biotech issues, and research innovations help students learn new ideas and solutions. Hands-on workshops on microbian fermentation, bioprocess deve

...Read more

A

Amrit

Beginner-Level 5

Answered a month ago

Teachers here have good experience and some have international exposure. Students get chances to work on  real projects, visit industries, and do internships which help them see how art works in real life. The campus has well-equipped studios and labs with modern tools for practice and research. The

...Read more

D

Diksha

Beginner-Level 4

Answered a month ago

Biotechnology at Chandigarh University is a course that mixes Science with modern research.The study covers life, cells, and technology in a very detailed way. The subjects start with core areas like General Microbiology, Cell Biology, Elementary Biochemistry, and Fundamentals of Chemistry. There ar

...Read more

N

Nabhjeet Sahota

Beginner-Level 1

Answered a month ago

For admission in B.Sc. Biotechnology at Chandigarh University, the requirement is 10+2 passed with at least 50% marks. Subjects must include Physics and Chemistry, along with either Biology, Botany, Zoology, Agriculture, or Mathematics. The exam must be from a recognised board or council. The durati

...Read more

95450628
Richa Sharma

Beginner-Level 4

Answered a month ago

Yes, biotechnology students work in advanced labs at the university. Facilities like fermentation and bioprocess engineering labs give them real-time experience. They can test, analyze, and develop new processes using modern machines. The labs encourage learning by doing. This helps students connect

...Read more

D

Dashanpreet Singh

Beginner-Level 3

Answered a month ago

The alumni network of biotechnology is helpful for present students. Graduates of Chandigarh University are placed in companies like Serum Institute, Panacea Biotech, and Abbott. Many are also pursuing higher studies in India or abroad. They share their journey with juniors through talks and webinar

...Read more

D

Dashanpreet Singh

Beginner-Level 3

Answered a month ago

Interdisciplinary learning is very important in biotechnology. At Chandigarh University, students do not only study biology, they also explore engineering ideas, mathematics, and technology. The labs like DNA technology, microbiology, and fermentation give them a chance to use concepts from differen

...Read more

D

Dashanpreet Singh

Beginner-Level 3

Answered a month ago

Hostel life is really very amazing for students of Biotechnology. The university has separate hostels for boys and girls with modern facilities. The hostel mess serves fresh food and the mess time table is also so perfect and that too on rotation basis and every type of food is available. There is i

...Read more

U

Uttam

Contributor-Level 6

Answered 2 months ago

 Biotechnology students at Chandigarh University meet industry professionals frequently. Professionals come for workshops, guest lectures, and interactive sessions, sharing their experience and knowledge. They explain how theoretical concepts are applied in real-world biotech industries. Students ca

...Read more

B

Balwant Singh

Contributor-Level 7

Answered 2 months ago

Yes, Biotechnology students at Chandigarh University get good hands-on training through live projects. The course is designed to give practical exposure along with theory. Students work on real experiments in advanced labs like Fermentation & Bioprocess Engineering, Microbiology, Recombinant DNA Tec

...Read more

G

Gauri Goel

Beginner-Level 3

Answered 2 months ago

For admission in B.Sc. Biotechnology at Chandigarh University, students need 50% marks in 10+2 with Science subjects like Physics, Chemistry, and Biology/Mathematics. The course runs for four years. The semester fee is ₹73,000, which students pay every term. Apart from this, an exam fee of ₹2,500 is

...Read more

G

Gauri Goel

Beginner-Level 3

Answered 2 months ago

It depends on which state you want to travel for the future studies. If you want to do in West Bengal, then Google it and find the best college for biotechnology or else ask your elder siblings if they know about it.

K

Krish Gandhi

Beginner-Level 1

Answered 2 months ago

Yes, of course!

Here are some details about the MSc Biotechnology colleges that might be helpful for students:

Particulars

Details

Number of MSc Biotechnology Colleges in India

795 colleges

Annual Fees

Free: 1 college

Less than INR 1 Lakh: 272 colleges

INR 1-2 Lakh: 145 colleges

INR 2-3 Lakh: 57 colleges

INR 3-5 Lakh: 32 colleges

More than INR 5 Lakh: 10 colleges

Top  MSc Biotechnology Colleges in India

Jamia Millia Islamia, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Aligarh Muslim University, Loyola College, etc.

Accepted Entrance Exams

Merit-Based, or CUET-PG, ICAR AIEEA, CPGET, IIT JAM, MAH CET, etc.

Disclaimer: This information is sourced from the official website and may vary.

M

Muskan Chugh

Contributor-Level 10

Answered 2 months ago

Yes, yes the placements for biotechnology in Chandigarh University are really amazing, the field is growing and companies from pharma, life sciences and healthcare are coming for hiring. Placements are also very amazing, leading companies like Cipla Ltd., Biocon, Serum Institute of India, GlaxoSmith

...Read more

n

namrata

Beginner-Level 4

Answered 2 months ago

The BTech Biotechnology course fees at top colleges differ based on the college entity type, ranking, placements, and college location. For government colleges, the average Biotechnology Engineering course fees is around INR 1 Lacs to INR 8 lakh and for private colleges, INR 4 Lacs to INR 15 lakh is

...Read more

V

Vidhi Jain

Contributor-Level 10

Answered 2 months ago

If you wish to learn in detail about specific areas of Biotechnology Engineering like food biotechnology, pharmaceutical biotechnology and biochemical engineering an M.Tech in Biotechnology could be a promising option for valuable practical learning, better career prospects and hefty paychecks.

The d

...Read more

V

Vidhi Jain

Contributor-Level 10

Answered 2 months ago

This certification is highly relevant and often a prerequisite for a career in biotechnology or Pharmaceutical companies. These industries are heavily regulated, and they rely on accurate, high-quality data to prove the safety and efficacy of their products to regulatory bodies like the FDA. 

A certi

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A

Aishwarya Rai

Contributor-Level 10

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