GATE 2027 Bio Technology Syllabus: Check Topics Added, Chapter-Wise Weightage

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Linear Algebra

Matrices and determinants; Systems of linear equations; Eigen values and Eigen vectors

Calculus

Multivariable calculus (limits, continuity, and differentiability); Partial derivatives, maxima and minima; Sequences and series; Test for convergence. Multivariable calculus: Gradient, divergence, and curl (for applications in fluid mechanics, transport processes, etc.).

Differential Equations

Linear and nonlinear first order ODEs, higher order ODEs with constant coefficients;
Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations; Laplace transforms

Probability and Statistics

Mean, median, mode and standard deviation; Random variables; Poisson, normal and
binomial distributions; Correlation and regression analysis; Bayesian Statistics.

Numerical Methods

Solution of linear and nonlinear algebraic equations; Integration by trapezoidal and
Simpson’s rule; Single step method for differential equations

Biochemistry

Biomolecules - structure and function; Biological membranes - structure, membrane channels and pumps, molecular motors, action potential and transport processes; Basic concepts and regulation of metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and nucleic acids; Metabolism: Regulation of metabolism of carbohydrates,
lipids, amino acids, and nucleic acids; Detailed pathways like glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and fatty acid oxidation; Photosynthesis, respiration and electron transport chain; Enzymes - Classification, catalytic and regulatory strategies; Enzyme kinetics - Michaelis-Menten equation; Enzyme inhibition - competitive, noncompetitive and uncompetitive inhibition. 

Microbiology

History of Microbiology, Bacterial classification and diversity; Bacterial cell wall composition, Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria, Archea, Methods in microbiology; Microbial growth and nutrition;
Operon- Lac, Trp and Ara operon, Nitrogen fixation;Microbial diseases and host-pathogen interactions; Antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance, Two-component system ( TCS), bacterial communication, Viruses - structure and classification.

Immunology

Primary and Secondary lymphoid organs; Innate immunity and Inflammation; Cytokines and Chemokines; Complement system; Effector responses: Cellular and Humoral Immunity; Molecular basis of
Antibody diversity and function; Polyclonal and Monoclonal antibodies; T-cell and B-cell development; Memory responses; Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC); Antigen processing and presentation; Regulation of immune responses; Immune tolerance; Hypersensitivity; Autoimmunity and Immunodeficiency; Graft vs Host disease; Immunization and vaccines.

Genetics and Evolutionary Biology

Mendelian inheritance; Gene interaction; Complementation; Linkage,
recombination and chromosome mapping; Extra chromosomal inheritance; Microbial genetics - transformation, transduction and conjugation; Bacterial gene mapping; Horizontal gene transfer and transposable elements; Chromosomal variation; Sex Determination; Genetic disorders; Population genetics; Epigenetics; Selection and inheritance; Adaptive and neutral evolution; Genetic drift; Species and speciation.

Cell Biology

Eukaryotic cell structure; Cell cycle and cell growth control; Cell-cell communication; Cell signalling and signal transduction; Non-cell autonomous cell signalling; Post-translational modifications; Protein trafficking; Cell death and autophagy; Extra-cellular matrix

Molecular Biology

Molecular structure of genes and chromosomes; Mutations and mutagenesis;Regulation of gene expression; Nucleic acid - replication, transcription, splicing, translation and their regulatory mechanisms; Non-coding and micro RNA; RNA interference; DNA damage and repair.

Engineering Principles Applied to Biological Systems

Material and Energy Balances for reactive and non-reactive systems | Recycle, Bypass, and Purge process | Degree of Reduction | Electron Balance and Theoretical Oxygen Demand

Classical Thermodynamics and Bioenergetics

Laws of Thermodynamics | Solution Thermodynamics | Phase Equilibria | Reaction Equilibria | Legend Binding | Oxidation and Reduction Reactions

Transport Processes

Newtonian and non-Newtonian Fluids | Fluid Flow - Laminar and Turbulent | Molecular Diffusion and Film Theory | Conductive and Convective Heat Transfer | LMTD | Heat Exchangers

Bioreaction Engineering

Rate law, zero and first order kinetics; (More advanced kinetic models, including
Michaelis-Menten kinetics for enzyme reactions. Inhibition kinetics: Competitive, non-competitive, and uncompetitive inhibition in enzyme catalysis); Ideal reactors - batch, mixed flow and plug flow; Enzyme immobilization, diffusion effects - Thiele modulus, effectiveness factor, Damkoehler number; Kinetics of cell growth, substrate utilization and product formation; Structured and unstructured models; Batch, fed-batch and
continuous processes; Microbial and enzyme reactors; Optimization and scale up (Design and operation of microbial reactors (e.g., fermentation reactors) and enzyme reactors (e.g., immobilized enzyme systems); Case studies on the use of microbial reactors in large-scale production (e.g., antibiotics, biofuels).

Upstream and Downstream Processing

Media formulation and optimization; Sterilization of air and media;
Filtration - membrane filtration, ultra filtration; Centrifugation - high speed and ultra; Cell disruption; Principles
of chromatography - ion exchange, gel filtration, hydrophobic interaction, affinity, GC, HPLC and FPLC; Extraction, adsorption and drying; Measurement devices;Valves; First order and second order systems; Feedback and feed forward control; Types of controllers – proportional, derivative and integral control; Tuning of controllers

Plants

Totipotency; Cell fate transition, direct and indirect organogenesis, regeneration of plants; Plant growth regulators and elicitors; Tissue culture and cell suspension culture system - methodology, kinetics of growth and nutrient optimization; Production of secondary metabolites; Hairy root culture; Plant products of industrial importance; Artificial seeds; Somaclonal variation; Protoplast, protoplast fusion - somatic hybrid and cybrid;
Transgenic plants - direct and indirect methods of gene transfer techniques; Selection marker and reporter gene; Plastid transformation

Animals

Culture media composition and growth conditions; Animal cell and tissue preservation;Anchorage and non-anchorage dependent cell culture; Kinetics of cell growth; Micro & macro- carrier culture; Hybridoma technology; Stem cell technology; Animal cloning; Transgenic animals; Knock-out and knock-in animals

Microbes

Production of biomass and primary/secondary metabolites - Biofuels, bioplastics, industrial enzymes, antibiotics; Large scale production and purification of recombinant proteins and metabolites; Clinical-, food- and industrial- microbiology; Screening strategies for new products

Recombinant DNA Technology

Restriction and modification enzymes; Vectors - plasmids, bacteriophage and
other viral vectors, cosmids, Ti plasmid, bacterial and yeast artificial chromosomes; Expression vectors; cDNA and genomic DNA library Gene isolation and cloning,strategies for production of recombinant proteins; Transposons and gene targeting, Recombination-based gene cloning

Molecular Tools

Polymerase chain reaction; DNA/RNA labelling and Sangers and next generation sequencing; Southern and northern blotting; In-situ hybridization; DNA fingerprinting, RAPD, RFLP; Site-directed mutagenesis; CRISPR-Cas; Biosensing and biosensors; DNA-protein and protein-protein interaction tools; Genomics and proteomics-based approaches

Analytical Tools

Principles of microscopy - light, electron, fluorescence and confocal; Principles ofspectroscopyUV, visible, fluorescence, CD, IR, FT-IR, MS, NMR; Electrophoresis; Micro- arrays; Enzymatic assays; Immunoassays - ELISA, RIA, immunohistochemistry; Immunoblotting; Flow cytometry; Whole genome and ChIP sequencing.

Computational Tools

Bioinformatics resources and search tools; Sequence and structure databases; Sequence analysis - sequence file formats, scoring matrices, alignment, phylogeny; Genomics, proteomics, metabolomics;
Gene prediction; Functional annotation; Secondary structure and 3D structure prediction; Knowledge discovery in biochemical databases; Metagenomics; Metabolic engineering and systems biology

Engineering Mathematics

Advanced Engineering Mathematics by HK Dass (S.Chand publication)

Essential Engineering Mathematics by Erwin Kreyszig

General Biology

Biotechnology GATE by B.M. Agarwal, Akanksha Singhal, Vidhika Goel (Arihant Publication)

Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology

Molecular Biology of the Cells by Bruce Alberts

Fundamentals of Biological Engineering

Biotechnology GATE by B.M. Agarwal, Akanksha Singhal, Vidhika Goel (Arihant Publication)

Bioprocess Engineering and Process Biotechnology

Bioprocess engineering bySchuler and Kargi, PM Doran

Plant, Animal and Microbial Biotechnology

Plant Biotechnology by Bhojwani and HS Chawla

Animal Biotechnology by Ian Freshney

Recombinant DNA Technology and Other Tools in Biotechnology

Recombinant DNA: Principles and Methodologies  by J.K. Jayaraman