
RRB ALP 2026: The Railway Recruitment Boards will release RRB ALP 2026 notification in February. The notification for Technician posts will be released in March 2026. The application forms for these posts will be made available along with the notification. The deadline to fill the application forms will be notified in the notification. The number of vacancies are announced through the notification. Candidates who fulfills the eligibility can apply for RRB ALP 2026 exam.
RRB ALP & Technician Recruitment 2025
RRB ALP exam dates have been revised. The exam for ALP will be conducted from February 13 to 18. Earlier, it was scheduled to be held on February 16, 17 and 18. RRB ALP 2025 mock tests have been released on January 27. Candidates can take the tests by logging with the required credentials. The test for Technician post will be conducted from March 5 to 9, 2026.
RRB ALP online application process (CEN 01/2025) closed on May 19, 2025. The last date to pay the application fee was May 21, 2025. The Railway Loco Pilot 2025 application form was released on April 12, 2025. RRB ALP notification was released to fill up a total of 9970 vacancies. Read below for more details on RRB ALP exam.
Latest News:
RRB ALP Exam Dates 2025 Revised
RRB ALP Mock Tests 2026 Released
RRB ALP 2025 Exam Dates Announced
- What is RRB ALP exam?
- RRB ALP 2025 Exam Dates
- RRB ALP Application Form 2026
- RRB ALP Vacancies 2026
- RRB ALP Admit Card 2026
- RRB ALP Exam Pattern 2026
- RRB ALP Syllabus 2026
- RRB ALP Preparation 2026
- RRB ALP Result 2026
- RRB ALP Cutoff 2026
- Railway Assistant Loco Pilot Recruitment 2026 Selection Process
- RRB ALP FAQs
What is RRB ALP exam?
Railway recruitment board (RRB) conducts RRB ALP & Technician exam to recruit Assistant Loco Pilot and Technician for different railway zones across the country. This is a national-level RRB ALP recruitment exam and lakh of candidates appear for it.
RRB ALP Recruitment Highlights
The recruitment process of Assistant Loco Pilot is summarised below:
| Exam Particulars | Exam Details |
|---|---|
| Exam name |
Recruitment for the Post of Assistant Loco Pilot (ALP) & Technician Categories |
| Conducted by |
Railway Recruitment Boards (RRBs) |
| Exam level |
National |
| Exam frequency |
Recruitment is based on vacancies and requirements of the concerned departments |
| Stages of exam |
First Stage CBT (Common for both ALP & Technician) Second Stage CBT CBAT (Only for ALP post) |
| Exam category |
Undergraduate at National Level |
| Mode of exam |
Online |
| RRB ALP Total Vacancies |
CEN 01/2024-14298 CEN 01/2025-9,970 |
| Number of applicants |
47.45 lakh |
| Exam fees |
For all candidates except the fee concession categories: 500 For PwBD/Female/Transgender/ Ex-Servicemen/SC/ST/Minority Communities/ Economically Backward Class: 250 |
| Exam purpose |
To select candidates for Assistant Loco Pilot and Technician in various railway zones |
| Exam duration |
First Stage: 60 mins Second Stage Part A: 90 min Part B: 60 Min |
| No. of papers and total marks |
CBT 1: 4 subjects (75 marks) CBT 2 Part A: 4 subjects (100 marks) Part B: This stage carries relevant trade related questions (75 marks) CBAT: 42 marks |
| Total questions |
CBT 1: 75 CBT 2 Part A: 100 Part B: 75 |
| Marking scheme |
1/3rd of the marks allotted for each question will be deducted for each wrong answers in CBT 1 and 2 There is no negative marking in CBAT |
| No. of test cities |
More than 100 cities |
| Official website |
indianrailways.gov.in |
RRB ALP 2025 Exam Dates
Take a look at the table below for the complete schedule of RRB ALP 2026 exam
| Dates | Past Exam Dates |
|---|---|
| 05 Mar ' 26 - 09 Mar ' 26 | RRB Technician 2025 Exam Date (02/2025) |
| 16 Feb ' 26 - 18 Feb ' 26 | RRB ALP 2025 Exam Date (01/2025) |
| 13 Feb ' 26 - 18 Feb ' 26 | RRB ALP Exam Date 2026 |
RRB ALP Application Form 2026
RRB ALP 2026 application form will be released in February for Assistant Loco Pilot Posts and in March for Technicians. The application fee is INR 500 for General and OBC categories, while it is INR 250 for SC/ST/Ex-Serviceman/Female/Transgender/Minorities/Economically backward class.
RRB ALP Notification 2026
RRB ALP Eligibility 2026
RRB has specified particular age and educational criteria for RRB ALP & Technician exam. Before applying to the exam candidates must check the below RRB ALP eligibility criteria:
Age Limit
The age limit is 18 to 30 years. Age relaxation is applicable as per government rules.
Educational Qualification
The post-wise educational qualification is given below.
Assistant Loco Pilot: Matriculation / SSLC Plus ITI/ Course Completed Act Apprentices or Diploma/ Degree in Engineering. The educational qualification is given below.
| Post | Educational Qualification |
|---|---|
| RRB Assistant Loco Pilot |
Matriculation / SSLC, ITI from recognised institutions of NCVT/SCVT in the trades of Armature and Coil Winder / Electrician / Electronics Mechanic / Fitter / Heat Engine / Instrument Mechanic / Machinist / Mechanic Diesel / Mechanic Motor Vehicle / Millwright Maintenance Mechanic / Mechanic Radio & TV / Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Mechanic / Tractor Mechanic / Turner / Wireman OR Matriculation / SSLC, Course Completed Act Apprenticeship in the trades mentioned above OR 3 years Diploma in Mechanical / Electrical / Electronics / Automobile Engineering OR Combination of various streams of these Engineering disciplines from a recognised Institution in lieu of ITI. Candidates with Degree in the Engineering disciplines mentioned above can also apply. |
Technicians: Matriculation/ SSLC Plus ITI / Course Completed Act Apprentices or 10 + 2 with Physics and Maths or Diploma in Engineering (As Applicable)
Medical Standards
The medical standards prescribed for different posts are given below.
| Medical Standard | General Fitness | Visual Acuity |
|---|---|---|
| A-1 |
Physically fit in all respect |
Distance Vision: 6/6, 6/6 without glasses with fogging test (must not accept +2D) Near Vision: Sn: 0.6,0.6 without glasses and must pass tests for Colour Vision, Binocular Vision, Field of Vision, Night Vision, Mesopic Vision, etc. |
| B-1 |
Physically fit in all respect |
Distance Vision: 6/9, 6/12 with or without glasses (power of lenses not to exceed 4D) Near Vision: Sn: 0.6, 0.6 with or without glasses when reading or close work is required and Must pass the test for Colour Vision, Binocular Vision, Night Vision, Mesopic Vision, etc. |
| B-2 |
Physically fit in all respect |
Distance Vision: 6/9, 6/12 with or without glasses (power of lenses not to exceed 4D). Near Vision: Sn: 0.6, 0.6 with or without glasses when reading or close work is required and Must pass the test for Binocular Vision, etc. |
| C-1 |
Physically fit in all respect |
Distance Vision: 6/12, 6/18 with or without glasses. Near Vision: Sn: 0.6, 0.6 with or without glasses when reading or close work is required. |
RRB ALP Vacancies 2026
RRB ALP 2026 vacancies will be announced along with the notification. The vacancies are different for different posts. Recruitment is done based on the number of vacancies.
RRB ALP 2025 Vacancies
RRB ALP Region-wise Vacancies 2025 were announced along with the notification. The break-up of RRB ALP Category-wise Vacancies is given below.
| RRB | ZONE | UR | SC | ST | OBC | EWS | TOTAL | Ex-SM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AHMEDABAD |
WR |
223 |
74 |
37 |
130 |
33 |
497 |
50 |
| AJMER |
NWR |
162 |
62 |
73 |
133 |
49 |
679 |
69 |
| WCR |
109 |
4 |
0 |
14 |
14 |
141 |
14 |
|
| ALLAHABAD |
NR |
33 |
12 |
6 |
21 |
8 |
80 |
8 |
| NCR |
218 |
72 |
50 |
110 |
58 |
508 |
51 |
|
| BHOPAL |
WR |
23 |
12 |
0 |
11 |
0 |
46 |
5 |
| WCR |
221 |
103 |
53 |
130 |
111 |
618 |
62 |
|
| BHUBANESWAR |
ECR |
454 |
205 |
119 |
121 |
29 |
928 |
93 |
| BILASPUR |
SECR |
228 |
86 |
43 |
155 |
56 |
568 |
57 |
| CHANDIGARH |
NR |
188 |
56 |
28 |
117 |
44 |
433 |
44 |
| CHENNAI |
SR |
155 |
56 |
37 |
73 |
41 |
362 |
37 |
| GORAKHPUR |
NER |
32 |
12 |
28 |
21 |
7 |
100 |
10 |
| GUWAHATI |
NFR |
13 |
4 |
2 |
8 |
3 |
30 |
3 |
| JAMMU-SRINAGAR |
NR |
4 |
3 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
8 |
1 |
| KOLKATA |
SER |
95 |
39 |
19 |
61 |
48 |
262 |
27 |
| ER |
194 |
71 |
39 |
153 |
1 |
458 |
46 |
|
| MALDA |
ER |
171 |
66 |
37 |
103 |
33 |
410 |
42 |
| SER |
10 |
4 |
2 |
8 |
0 |
24 |
2 |
|
| MUMBAI |
SCR |
9 |
3 |
2 |
6 |
2 |
22 |
2 |
| CR |
152 |
56 |
28 |
102 |
38 |
376 |
38 |
|
| WR |
138 |
51 |
26 |
93 |
34 |
342 |
34 |
|
| MUZAFFARPUR |
ECR |
36 |
13 |
7 |
24 |
9 |
89 |
9 |
| PATNA |
ECR |
14 |
5 |
2 |
9 |
3 |
33 |
3 |
| RANCHI |
ECR |
234 |
87 |
43 |
156 |
58 |
578 |
58 |
| SER |
255 |
105 |
45 |
164 |
66 |
635 |
63 |
|
| SECUNDERABAD |
SCR |
435 |
136 |
70 |
110 |
216 |
967 |
98 |
| ECoR |
216 |
80 |
40 |
144 |
53 |
533 |
53 |
|
| SILIGURI |
NFR |
39 |
14 |
6 |
26 |
10 |
95 |
10 |
| THIRUVANANTHAPURAM |
SR |
55 |
25 |
15 |
32 |
21 |
148 |
15 |
| TOTAL |
- |
4116 |
1716 |
858 |
2289 |
991 |
9970 |
1004 |
Previous Year's RRB ALP Vacancy
RRB ALP 2024 Vacancies (Revised)
| RRB | UR | SC | ST | OBC | EWS | TOTAL | EXSM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AHMEDABAD |
394 |
132 |
67 |
244 |
100 |
937 |
94 |
| AJMER |
314 |
113 |
56 |
204 |
74 |
761 |
77 |
| BANGALORE |
640 |
235 |
118 |
426 |
157 |
1576 |
157 |
|
BHOPAL |
466 |
87 |
62 |
52 |
62 |
729 |
73 |
| 42 |
15 |
7 |
27 |
10 |
101 |
10 |
|
| BHUBANESWAR |
412 |
141 |
68 |
254 |
55 |
930 |
93 |
|
BILASPUR |
251 |
21 |
52 |
96 |
42 |
462 |
46 |
| 1610 |
595 |
298 |
1072 |
398 |
3973 |
398 |
|
| CHANDIGARH |
170 |
22 |
13 |
87 |
32 |
324 |
32 |
| CHENNAI |
182 |
105 |
43 |
105 |
58 |
493 |
49 |
| GORAKHPUR |
58 |
22 |
11 |
39 |
13 |
143 |
15 |
| GUWAHATI |
138 |
52 |
25 |
92 |
34 |
341 |
34 |
| JAMMU-SRINAGAR |
52 |
20 |
10 |
35 |
13 |
130 |
13 |
|
KOLKATA |
337 |
123 |
62 |
224 |
74 |
820 |
82 |
| 100 |
35 |
80 |
64 |
24 |
303 |
30 |
|
|
MALDA |
284 |
67 |
71 |
78 |
62 |
562 |
56 |
| 86 |
28 |
13 |
50 |
10 |
187 |
19 |
|
|
MUMBAI |
35 |
13 |
6 |
23 |
9 |
86 |
9 |
| 137 |
51 |
25 |
91 |
34 |
338 |
34 |
|
| 570 |
199 |
99 |
357 |
96 |
1321 |
132 |
|
| MUZAFFARPUR |
15 |
5 |
3 |
11 |
4 |
38 |
4 |
| PATNA |
15 |
6 |
3 |
10 |
4 |
38 |
4 |
|
PRAYAGRAJ |
493 |
58 |
60 |
90 |
101 |
802 |
80 |
| 21 |
7 |
3 |
12 |
2 |
45 |
5 |
|
| RANCHI |
189 |
110 |
34 |
127 |
51 |
511 |
51 |
|
SECUNDERABAD |
248 |
125 |
74 |
152 |
66 |
665 |
67 |
| 756 |
273 |
149 |
491 |
194 |
1863 |
187 |
|
| SILIGURI |
35 |
13 |
7 |
23 |
9 |
87 |
9 |
| THIRUVANANTHAPURAM |
99 |
62 |
60 |
2 |
10 |
233 |
23 |
| GRAND TOTAL |
8149 |
2735 |
1579 |
4538 |
1798 |
18799 |
1883 |
RRB Technician Vacancy 2024 (Revised)
| Post | Previous Vacancies | Revised |
|---|---|---|
| Technician Gr 1 Signal | 1092 | 1092 |
| Technician Gr 3 | 8052 | 8051 |
RRB ALP Admit Card 2026
RRB ALP admit card for CEN No. 01/2025 will be released February 12, 2026. RRB Technician admit card for CEN No. 02/2025 will be released by March 1, 2026. Assistant Loco Pilot Hall Ticket is released online four days before exam. To download the RRB ALP Exam Call Letter, candidates need to enter user ID and password. The hard copy of the admit card is not sent to candidates by post. RRB ALP Admit Card Download Link is made available on this page after it is released. The steps to download the admit card are given below:
- Visit the respective regional official websites of RRBs
- On the home page, you will find the RRB ALP admit card download link
- Enter user ID and password
- RRB ALP admit card appears on the screen
RRB ALP Exam Centres
RRB ALP exam centres are released 10 days before the scheduled CBT exam. To check the exam centres, candidates need to login with user ID and password. Candidates are required to enter their preferences of exam centres while filling the Part II of application form. The details regarding the exam centres are mentioned on the admit card.
RRB ALP Exam Pattern 2026
The stage-wise Railway ALP Exam Pattern is explained below:
RRB ALP CBT 1 Exam Pattern
- This stage is common for ALP & Technician posts and is qualifying in nature. This means the marks obtained in the RRB ALP Exam Mode Online CBT 1 are not counted for the final merit list
- RRB ALP total questions in CBT 1 are 75
- RRB ALP exam duration is 60 minutes
- Each question carries one mark; hence, the total mark of the paper is 75
- There is negative marking for incorrect answers, ⅓ mark is deducted for wrong answer
- There are RRB ALP Qualifying Marks in the exam
RRB ALP CBT 2 Exam Pattern
- Those who secure cut off marks in first stage CBT, get a call for second stage CBT
- This stage of the exam is divided into two parts-A and B
- Part A will have 100 questions and the total time is 90 minutes
- Part B will have 75 questions and the duration of the paper is 60 minutes
- There is RRB ALP negative marking for incorrect answers; ⅓ mark is deducted for one wrong answer
- The marks obtained in Part A is used to shortlist candidates for further rounds of selection
- RRB ALP Part A and Part B Pattern is different
- Part B is qualifying in nature
RRB ALP CBAT Pattern
- This stage is only for those candidates who have applied for Assistant Loco Pilots
- Question papers are made available in both English and Hindi
- There are five test batteries in RRB ALP Aptitude Test Structure, candidates need to score certain marks in each test battery to qualify the exam
- The total marks allotted to RRB ALP Psycho test are 42 marks
RRB ALP Document Verification
- For ALP post, shortlisting for Document Verification is done based on Part A of CBT 2 provided candidates qualify Part B and CBAT
- For Technician post, shortlisting for Document Verification is done based on Part A of CBT 2 provided candidates qualify Part B
- Candidates need to carry the original documents asked by RRBs on the day of document verification
- If any candidate fails to submit original documents or if any document is found fake, the candidature of that candidate is canceled
RRB ALP Syllabus 2026
Assistant Loco Pilot Syllabus comprises the topics and sub-topics that candidates need to prepare for the exam. It is important to go through the syllabus as it helps to understand the important topics for the exam. The stage-wise RRB ALP syllabus is given below:
RRB ALP CBT 1 Syllabus
The standard of questions for the CBT will be generally in conformity with the educational standards and/or minimum technical qualifications prescribed for the posts:
| Topics | Syllabus |
|---|---|
| Maths | Number system, BODMAS, Decimals, Fractions, LCM, HCF, Ratio and Proportion, Percentages, Mensuration, Time and Work; Time and Distance, Simple and Compound Interest, Profit and Loss, Algebra, Geometry and Trigonometry, Elementary Statistics, Square Root, Age Calculations, Calendar & Clock, Pipes & Cistern etc. |
| General Intelligence and Reasoning | Analogies, Alphabetical and Number Series, Coding and Decoding, Mathematical operations, Relationships, Syllogism, Jumbling, Venn Diagram, Data Interpretation and Sufficiency, Conclusions and Decision Making, Similarities and Differences, Analytical reasoning, Classification, Directions, Statement – Arguments and Assumptions etc |
| General Science | The syllabus under this shall cover Physics, Chemistry and Life Sciences of 10th standard level |
| General Awareness | Current Affairs, Science & Technology, Sports, Culture, Personalities, Economics, Politics, etc |
RRB ALP CBT 2 Syllabus
The syllabus for CBT 2 comprises two parts-A and B. The syllabus for both the parts is given below:
Part A
Mathematics: Number system, BODMAS, Decimals, Fractions, LCM, HCF, Ratio and Proportion, Percentages, Mensuration, Time and Work; Time and Distance, Simple and Compound Interest, Profit and Loss, Algebra, Geometry and Trigonometry, Elementary Statistics, Square Root, Age Calculations, Calendar & Clock, Pipes & Cistern etc.
General Intelligence and Reasoning: Analogies, Alphabetical and Number Series, Coding and Decoding, Mathematical operations, Relationships, Syllogism, Jumbling, Venn Diagram, Data Interpretation and Sufficiency, Conclusions and decision making, Similarities and differences, Analytical reasoning, Classification, Directions, Statement – Arguments and Assumptions etc.
Basic Science and Engineering: The broad topics that are covered under this shall be Engineering Drawing (Projections, Views, Drawing Instruments, Lines, Geometric figures, Symbolic Representation), Units, Measurements, Mass Weight and Density, Work Power and Energy, Speed and Velocity, Heat and Temperature, Basic Electricity, Levers and Simple Machines, Occupational Safety and Health, Environment Education, IT Literacy etc.
General Awareness: Current Affairs in Science & Technology, Sports, Culture, Personalities, Economics, Politics and any other subjects of importance.
Part B
The questions in this part are asked from the RRB ALP Trade-Specific Syllabus which is prescribed by Director General of Employment & Training (DGET). Candidates with ITI/Trade Apprenticeship qualification will be required to appear in the section having questions from the relevant trade. Candidates holding Degree, Diploma and HSC (10+2) having eligibility for the posts of ALP have to select relevant trade from the list of trades listed against their engineering discipline/HSC (10+2).
Also Read: RRB ALP Answer Key
RRB ALP Preparation 2026
Candidates appearing for the exam must have a well-designed preparation plan. This is competitive exam and can be cleared with good preparation. Check below some of the RRB ALP preparation strategies.
- Understand the exam pattern
- Go through the chapters given in the RRB ALP syllabus
- Solve sample papers
- Give mock tests
- Prepare notes
- Revise the theorems & formulas
- Analyse the weak areas and improve it
RRB ALP Result 2026
RRB ALP Cutoff 2026
Railway Assistant Loco Pilot Recruitment 2026 Selection Process
RRB ALP FAQs
Candidates need to login with the required credentials to fill the RRB ALP detailed application form. Online applications are accepted for the exam. The application fee can be paid online. The login ID can be used in downloading admit card,
RRB ALP exam dates 2025 (CEN 01/2025) for CBT 1 were announced. The CBT 1 exam of RRB ALP comprises a total of 75 objective-type multiple choice questions from Mathematics, General Intelligence, and Reasoning, General Science and General awareness on current affairs. A total of 75 marks are allotted to the test. The duration of the test is 60 minutes.
Aadhaar validation is required for smoother process at different stages of recruitment for the candidates themselves. Further, to ensure genuineness of candidature and to curb impersonation during exam. RRBs will not share Aadhaar details with any third party or use them for any purpose other than the objectives of this CEN
Candidates can reset the password using 'Change Password' option available on the upper right hand side of the application page. Candidates cannot change the chosen RRB after submission of application.
Candidates belonging to Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe who have given consent for availing free travel facility only can avail 'Free Travel Authority' (free Railway Pass).
Candidates cannot edit the details after submission of RRB ALP application form. Candidates are advised to re-check the detailed filled by them in application preview at Preference and Preview & Submit page for correctness and further submit application if all the information is correct since no change is permitted after submission of application for payment. If any information is found incorrect at application preview, they can click on 'Edit' button and rectify the incorrect information at respective page of application module, then again preview application for correctness and submit the application. After submission of the application, pay the requisite examination fee and complete the payment process. If a candidate wishes to modify, change or correct any details except details filled in the 'Create an Account' form (12 details and chosen RRB), they may do so by paying a modification fee
of INR 250 (non-refundable) for each occasion.
Yes, RRB ALP & Technician result is released separately for different stages. The result for each stage is announced online on the official website in PDF form. The result PDF displays the roll numbers of qualified candidates. The steps to download RRB ALP result are given below:
- Visit the respective regional website of RRBs
- Click on the "Results" tab
- Click on the results link for RRB ALP and Technicians. Following that, the result will be downloaded automatically in the PDF format.
- The PDF will contain roll number of all shortlisted candidates, search your roll number in the PDF.
Click on the 'Forgot Password' option at 'Sign into Your Account' of login page. Enter either Aadhaar number or registered email/mobile number and date of birth. The revised password will be sent to the candidate's registered email ID only. Candidates have to login with revised password sent on their registered email.
RRB ALP 2025 application form correction window was available from May 22 to 31, 2025. Candidates could edit the application form by paying the modification fee. Candidates could edit the details filled in the 'Create An Account' part including email ID, mobile number. Personal information could not be changed. The modification fee was INR 250 and this facility was only for twice.
All the stages of RRB ALP exam are conducted online. The language of the question paper is in Assamese, Bengali, English, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Manipuri, Konkani.
Railway Recruitment Board Assistant Loco Pilot is the Full Form of RRB ALP. The Railway Recruitment Board is a Government body that organizes the recruitment process for the several different posts in the Railways sector. The Indian Railways is amongst the largest recruitment bodies in India. RRB ALP exam is conducted to select the employees for the Assistant Loco Pilo. The Railway Recruitment Board conducts examinations for several posts.
Applicants must possess a Gazette Notification or any other legal document as applicable for name changes and should be submitted at the time of CBT-1, CBT-2, CBAT & DV. Date of such change or application for change should be prior to the date of submission of online application. Applicants should also have to fill the original name and the changed name during 'Create an account'. In such cases, both the names will be reflected in the application.
RRB conducts RRB ALP & Technician exam to fill posts of assistant loco pilot and technicians for different railway zones across the country. A total of 9970 vacancies have been announced for RRB ALP 2025 exam (CEN 01/2025). In 2018, a total of 64,371 vacancies were announced for the exam. Out of these vacancies, 27,795 vacancies were for Assistant loco pilot and 36,576 were for Technicians
RRBs re-opened the window to fill RRB ALP application Form 2025 for Technician posts on October 2, 2024. The application form filling process re-opened since the Railway Boards have increased the number of vacancies and added new categories. The already registered candidates can change their option of RRB along with the preference for Zonal Railway(s)/PUs and for all applicable Technician Gr. III category posts.
A colour photograph of size 3.5cm x 3.5cm (not older than three months from the date of application) with clear front view of the candidate without cap and sunglasses should be uploaded. The photo should be only in JPEG format. Candidates are advised to bring one copy of the same photograph along with Hall Ticket/e–Call Letter and original valid Photo ID at the time of examination. They are also advised to keep three copies of the same photographs for further use.