JEE Mains Syllabus 2027: Official PDF Download, Class 11 & 12 Deleted Topics & Chapter-Wise Weightage

Unit 1: Sets, Relations and Functions

Sets and their representation; union, intersection and complement of sets and their algebraic properties; power set; relations, types of relations, equivalence relations, functions; one-one, into and onto functions; composition of functions

Unit 2: Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations

Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals; representation in the form a + ib and in a plane; Argand diagram; algebra of complex numbers; modulus and argument; quadratic equations in real and complex number systems; relations between roots and coefficients; nature of roots; formation of quadratic equations with given roots

Unit 3: Matrices and Determinants

Matrices, algebra of matrices, types of matrices; determinants and matrices of order two and three; evaluation of determinants; area of triangles using determinants; adjoint and inverse of a square matrix; test of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear equations using matrices

Unit 4: Permutations and Combinations

Fundamental principle of counting; permutations and combinations; meaning of P(n, r) and C(n, r); simple applications

Unit 5: Binomial Theorem and its Simple Applications

Binomial theorem for a positive integral index; general term and middle term; simple applications

Unit 6: Sequence and Series

Arithmetic and Geometric progressions; insertion of arithmetic and geometric means between two given numbers; relation between A.M. and G.M.

Unit 7: Limit, Continuity and Differentiability

Real-valued functions, algebra of functions (polynomial, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential); inverse functions; graphs of simple functions; limits, continuity, differentiability; differentiation of sum, difference, product, quotient; differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic, exponential, composite and implicit functions; derivatives up to order two; applications of derivatives — rate of change, increasing/decreasing functions, maxima and minima

Unit 8: Integral Calculus

Integral as anti-derivative; fundamental integrals (algebraic, trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic); integration by substitution, by parts, by partial fractions; integration using trigonometric identities; standard integral forms (1/(x²+a²), 1/√(x²±a²), 1/(a²−x²), etc.); fundamental theorem of calculus; properties and evaluation of definite integrals; areas bounded by simple curves

Unit 9: Differential Equations

Ordinary differential equations, order and degree; solution by separation of variables; solution of homogeneous and linear differential equations of the type dy/dx + p(x)y = q(x)

Unit 10: Co-ordinate Geometry

Cartesian system, distance formula, section formula, locus and its equation; slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts. Straight line: forms of equations, intersection of lines, angles between lines, concurrence of three lines, distance of a point from a line, centroid/orthocentre/circumcentre. Circle & Conic Sections: standard and general forms of a circle, radius and centre, circle with given diameter endpoints, intersection of line and circle, equations of parabola, ellipse and hyperbola in standard forms

Unit 11: Three Dimensional Geometry

Coordinates of a point in space, distance between two points, section formula, direction ratios and direction cosines, angle between two intersecting lines; equation of a line; skew lines and shortest distance between them

Unit 12: Vector Algebra

Vectors and scalars; addition of vectors; components of a vector in 2D and 3D; scalar and vector products

Unit 13: Statistics and Probability

Measures of dispersion; mean, median, mode of grouped/ungrouped data; standard deviation, variance, mean deviation. Probability: probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems, Bayes' theorem, probability distribution of a random variable

Unit 14: Trigonometry

Trigonometric identities and functions; inverse trigonometric functions and their properties

Unit 1: Units and Measurements

Units of measurement, systems of units, SI units, fundamental and derived units, least count, significant figures, errors in measurement; dimensions, dimensional analysis and applications

Unit 2: Kinematics

Frame of reference, motion in a straight line, speed and velocity, uniform/non-uniform motion, average speed, instantaneous velocity, uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time and position-time graphs, relative velocity; motion in a plane, projectile motion, uniform circular motion

Unit 3: Laws of Motion

Force and inertia, Newton's laws of motion, momentum, impulse; conservation of linear momentum and applications; equilibrium of concurrent forces; static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction; dynamics of uniform circular motion — centripetal force, vehicle on level/banked road

Unit 4: Work, Energy and Power

Work by constant and variable force, kinetic and potential energy, work-energy theorem, power; potential energy of a spring, conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and non-conservative forces, motion in a vertical circle; elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions

Unit 5: Rotational Motion

Centre of mass of two-particle system and rigid body; torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum; moment of inertia, radius of gyration, values for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems; equilibrium of rigid bodies, rotational motion equations, comparison of linear and rotational motion

Unit 6: Gravitation

Universal law of gravitation; acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude/depth; Kepler's laws; gravitational potential energy and potential; escape velocity, satellite motion — orbital velocity, time period, energy

Unit 7: Properties of Solids and Liquids

Elastic behaviour, stress-strain, Hooke's law, Young's/bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity; fluid pressure, Pascal's law, viscosity, Stoke's law, terminal velocity, streamline/turbulent flow, critical velocity, Bernoulli's principle; surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, drops/bubbles/capillary rise; heat, temperature, thermal expansion, specific heat, calorimetry, change of state, latent heat; conduction, convection, radiation

Unit 8: Thermodynamics

Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law, heat/work/internal energy; first law of thermodynamics, isothermal and adiabatic processes; second law of thermodynamics — reversible and irreversible processes

Unit 9: Kinetic Theory of Gases

Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas; kinetic theory assumptions, concept of pressure, kinetic interpretation of temperature, RMS speed, degrees of freedom, law of equipartition of energy, specific heat capacities of gases, mean free path, Avogadro's number

Unit 10: Oscillations and Waves

Periodic motion, time period, frequency, displacement function, periodic functions; SHM and its equation, phase, spring oscillations, energy in SHM, simple pendulum; wave motion, longitudinal/transverse waves, wave speed, displacement relation, superposition, reflection, standing waves in strings/organ pipes, harmonics, beats

Unit 11: Electrostatics

Electric charges and conservation, Coulomb's law, superposition, continuous charge distribution; electric field, field lines, dipole, torque on dipole; electric flux, Gauss's law and applications (wire, sheet, shell); electric potential, potential energy, equipotential surfaces; conductors, insulators, dielectrics, polarization; capacitors, series/parallel combination, parallel plate capacitor, energy stored

Unit 12: Current Electricity

Drift velocity, mobility, Ohm's law, resistance, I-V characteristics; electrical energy and power, resistivity, conductivity, series/parallel resistors, temperature dependence; internal resistance, EMF, cells in series/parallel; Kirchhoff's laws, Wheatstone bridge, Metre bridge

Unit 13: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

Biot-Savart law, Ampere's law and applications (straight wire, solenoid); force on moving charge and current-carrying conductor, force between parallel currents, torque on current loop, moving coil galvanometer; magnetic dipole moment, bar magnet, magnetic field lines, dia/para/ferromagnetism, effect of temperature

Unit 14: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

Faraday's law, induced EMF, Lenz's law, eddy currents, self/mutual inductance; AC peak/RMS values, reactance, impedance, LCR circuit, resonance, power in AC circuits, wattless current, AC generator, transformer

Unit 15: Electromagnetic Waves

Displacement current, characteristics of EM waves, transverse nature; electromagnetic spectrum and applications

Unit 16: Optics

Reflection, spherical mirrors, mirror formula; refraction, thin lens/lens maker formula, total internal reflection, magnification, power of lens, combination of lenses, refraction through prism, microscope and telescope; wave optics — Huygens' principle, interference (YDSE, fringe width), diffraction (single slit), polarization, Brewster's law, Polaroid

Unit 17: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations, Einstein's photoelectric equation; de Broglie relation and matter waves

Unit 18: Atoms and Nuclei

Alpha-particle scattering, Rutherford's and Bohr's atomic models, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum; composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, mass-energy relation, mass defect, binding energy per nucleon, nuclear fission and fusion

Unit 19: Electronic Devices

Semiconductors, p-n junction diode I-V characteristics, diode as rectifier, LED, photodiode, solar cell, Zener diode as voltage regulator; logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND, NOR)

Unit 20: Experimental Skills

Vernier calipers, screw gauge, simple pendulum, metre scale, Young's modulus, surface tension, viscosity, speed of sound, specific heat, resistivity by metre bridge, Ohm's law, galvanometer figure of merit, focal length of mirrors/lens, prism deviation, refractive index, diode/Zener characteristics, component identification

Unit 1: Some Basic Concepts in Chemistry

Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory, atom/molecule/element/compound; laws of chemical combination; atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae; chemical equations and stoichiometry

Unit 2: Atomic Structure

Electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect, hydrogen spectrum; Bohr model — postulates, energy and radii of orbits, limitations; dual nature of matter, de Broglie relation, Heisenberg uncertainty principle; quantum mechanical model, atomic orbitals, quantum numbers, shapes of s/p/d orbitals, electron spin; Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle, Hund's rule, electronic configuration, stability of half-filled/filled orbitals

Unit 3: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Kossel-Lewis approach, ionic and covalent bonds; ionic bonding and lattice enthalpy; electronegativity, Fajan's rule, dipole moment, VSEPR theory and molecular shapes; valence bond theory, hybridization, resonance; molecular orbital theory, LCAO, bonding/antibonding orbitals, sigma/pi bonds, bond order/length/energy; metallic bonding, hydrogen bonding

Unit 4: Chemical Thermodynamics

System and surroundings, extensive/intensive properties, state functions, entropy, types of processes; first law — work, heat, internal energy, enthalpy, heat capacity, Hess's law, enthalpies of bond dissociation/combustion/formation/atomization/sublimation/phase transition/hydration/ionization/solution; second law — spontaneity, ΔS and ΔG as criteria; ΔG° and equilibrium constant

Unit 5: Solutions

Concentration expressions — molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage; vapour pressure and Raoult's law, ideal/non-ideal solutions; colligative properties — relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, elevation of boiling point, osmotic pressure; molecular mass determination, abnormal molar mass, van't Hoff factor

Unit 6: Equilibrium

Concept of dynamic equilibrium; physical equilibria (solid-liquid, liquid-gas, gas-gas, solid-gas), Henry's law; chemical equilibrium — law of chemical equilibrium, Kp and Kc, ΔG and ΔG°, factors affecting equilibrium, Le Chatelier's principle; ionic equilibrium — weak/strong electrolytes, acid-base concepts (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, Lewis), ionization constants, pH scale, common ion effect, salt hydrolysis, solubility product, buffer solutions

Unit 7: Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry

Oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing redox reactions; electrolytic and metallic conduction, molar conductivity, Kohlrausch's law; electrochemical cells — electrolytic and galvanic cells, electrode potentials, EMF, Nernst equation, cell potential and Gibbs energy, dry cell, lead accumulator, fuel cells

Unit 8: Chemical Kinetics

Rate of reaction, factors affecting rate; elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity; rate law, rate constant; zero and first order reactions — differential/integral forms, half-life; effect of temperature, Arrhenius theory, activation energy; collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions

Unit 9: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Modern periodic law, periodic table; s, p, d and f block elements; periodic trends — atomic/ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states, chemical reactivity

Unit 10: p-Block Elements

Group 13 to Group 18 — electronic configuration, periodic/group trends in physical and chemical properties, unique behaviour of the first element in each group

Unit 11: d- and f-Block Elements

Transition elements — configuration, occurrence, characteristics, physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour, catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation; preparation/properties/uses of K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄; lanthanoids and actinoids — configuration, oxidation states, lanthanoid contraction

Unit 12: Coordination Compounds

Introduction, Werner's theory, ligands, coordination number, denticity, chelation, IUPAC nomenclature, isomerism; valence bond approach, crystal field theory basics, colour and magnetic properties; importance in qualitative analysis, metal extraction, biological systems

Unit 13: Purification and Characterisation of Organic Compounds

Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, chromatography; qualitative detection of N, S, P, halogens; quantitative estimation of C, H, N, halogens, S, P; empirical and molecular formulae calculations

Unit 14: Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry

Tetravalency of carbon, shapes of molecules, hybridization; classification by functional groups; homologous series; structural and stereoisomerism; IUPAC/trivial nomenclature; covalent bond fission (homolytic/heterolytic), free radicals, carbocations, carbanions, electrophiles, nucleophiles; inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance, hyperconjugation; substitution, addition, elimination, rearrangement reactions

Unit 15: Hydrocarbons

Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, preparation, properties. Alkanes: conformations (Sawhorse, Newman), halogenation mechanism. Alkenes: geometrical isomerism, electrophilic addition mechanism, Markovnikov's/peroxide effect, ozonolysis, polymerization. Alkynes: acidic character, addition reactions, polymerization. Aromatic hydrocarbons: benzene structure and aromaticity, electrophilic substitution, halogenation, nitration, Friedel-Crafts alkylation/acylation, directive influence of substituents

Unit 16: Organic Compounds Containing Halogens

Preparation, properties, reactions; nature of C-X bond, substitution mechanisms; uses and environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform, freons, DDT

Unit 17: Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen

Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers: identification of 1°/2°/3° alcohols, dehydration mechanism; phenol acidity, electrophilic substitution, Reimer-Tiemann reaction; ether structure. Aldehydes and Ketones: carbonyl group nature, nucleophilic addition, reactivity comparison, HCN/NH₃ derivative addition, Grignard reagent, oxidation, reduction (Wolff-Kishner, Clemmensen), α-hydrogen acidity, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, haloform reaction, distinguishing tests. Carboxylic Acids: acidic strength and affecting factors

Unit 18: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen

Preparation, properties, reactions, uses. Amines: nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character, identification of 1°/2°/3° amines. Diazonium Salts: importance in synthetic organic chemistry

Unit 19: Biomolecules

Carbohydrates: classification, aldoses/ketoses, monosaccharides (glucose, fructose), constituent sugars of oligosaccharides. Proteins: α-amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, protein structure levels, denaturation, enzymes. Vitamins: classification and functions. Nucleic Acids: DNA/RNA constitution, biological functions. Hormones: general introduction

Unit 20: Principles Related to Practical Chemistry

Detection of extra elements (N, S, halogens); detection of functional groups (hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino); preparation of Mohr's salt, potash alum, acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform; titrimetric exercises (acids, bases, indicators, oxalic acid vs KMnO₄, Mohr's salt vs KMnO₄); qualitative salt analysis (cations & anions); enthalpy of solution/neutralization, sol preparation, kinetics of iodide-peroxide reaction

Physical World and Measurement

Scope and excitement; nature of physical laws; Physics, technology and society, Need for measurement: Units of measurement; systems of units; SI units, fundamental and derived units. Length, mass and time measurements; accuracy and precision of measuring instruments; measurement errors; significant figures; dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional analysis and its applications.

Kinematics

Frame of reference, Motion in a straight line: Position-time graph, speed and velocity. Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity. Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity time and position-time graphs, relations for uniformly accelerated motion (graphical treatment), Elementary concepts of differentiation and integration for describing motion. Scalar and vector quantities: Position and displacement vectors, general vectors and notation, equality of vectors, multiplication of vectors by a real number; addition and subtraction of vectors. Relative velocity, Unit vectors. Resolution of a vector in a plane - rectangular components. Scalar and Vector products of Vectors, Motion in a plane. Cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration - projectile motion. Uniform circular motion.

Laws of Motion

Intuitive concept of force. Inertia, Newton’s first law of motion; momentum and Newton’s second law of motion; impulse; Newton’s third law of motion, Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications, Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication. Dynamics of uniform circular motion: Centripetal force, examples of circular motion (vehicle on level circular road, vehicle on banked road).

Work, Energy and Power

Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic energy, work-energy theorem, power, Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a spring, conservative forces; conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic and potential energies); non-conservative forces; motion in a vertical circle; elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body

Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum conservation and centre of mass motion. Centre of mass of a rigid body; centre of mass of uniform rod, Moment of a force, torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum with some examples, Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equation of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions; moment of inertia, radius of gyration. Values of M.I. for simple geometrical objects (no derivation). Statement of parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications.

Gravitation

Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth, Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Escape velocity, orbital velocity of a satellite. Geostationary satellites.

Properties of Bulk Matter

Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke’s law, Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, shear modulus, modulus of rigidity, Poisson’s ratio; elastic energy, Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal’s law and its applications (hydraulic lift and hydraulic brakes). Effect of gravity on fluid pressure, Viscosity, Stokes’ law, terminal velocity, Reynold’s number, streamline and turbulent flow. Critical velocity, Bernoulli’s theorem and its applications, Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure, application of surface tension ideas to drops, bubbles and capillary rise, Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; thermal expansion of solids, liquids, and gases, Anomalous expansion. Specific heat capacity: Cp , Cv - calorimetry; change of state - latent heat, Heat transfer - conduction and thermal conductivity, convection and radiation. Qualitative ideas of Black Body Radiation, Wein’s displacement law, and GreenHouse effect. Newton’s law of cooling and Stefan’s law

Thermodynamics

Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature (zeroth law of Thermodynamics). Heat, work and internal energy, First law of thermodynamics. Isothermal and adiabatic processes. Second law of thermodynamics: Reversible and irreversible processes. Heat engines and refrigerators.

Behaviour of Perfect Gas and Kinetic Theory

Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas, Kinetic theory of gases: Assumptions, concept of pressure. Kinetic energy and temperature; rms speed of gas molecules; degrees of freedom; law of equipartition of energy (statement only) and application to specific heat capacities of gases; concept of mean free path, Avogadro’s number.

Oscillations and Waves

Periodic motion - period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion (SHM) and its equation; phase; oscillations of a spring - restoring force and force constant; energy in SHM - kinetic and potential energies; simple pendulum - derivation of expression for its time period; free, forced and damped oscillations (qualitative ideas only), resonance, Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of wave motion. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics. Beats. Doppler effect.

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

General Introduction: Importance and scope of chemistry, Historical approach to particulate nature of matter, laws of chemical combination, Dalton’s atomic theory: concept of elements, atoms and molecules, Atomic and molecular masses. Mole concept and molar mass; percentage composition and empirical and molecular formula; chemical reactions, stoichiometry and calculations based on stoichiometry.

Structure of Atom

Discovery of electron, proton and neutron; atomic number, isotopes and isobars. Thomson's model and its limitations, Rutherford’s model and its limitations, Bohr’s model and its limitations, concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, concept of orbitals, quantum numbers, shapes of s, p and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals - Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle and Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half filled and completely filled orbitals.

Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Significance of classification, a brief history of the development of the periodic table, modern periodic law and the present form of the periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements -atomic radii, ionic radii, inert gas radii, ionisation enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valence. Nomenclature of elements with atomic number greater than 100.

Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, polar character of covalent bond, covalent character of ionic bond, valence bond theory, resonance, geometry of covalent molecules, VSEPR theory, concept of hybridization involving s, p and d orbitals and shapes of some simple molecules, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only). Hydrogen bond.

States of Matter: Gases and Liquids

Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points,role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle’s law, Charle’s law, Gay Lussac’s law, Avogadro’s law, ideal behaviour, empirical derivation of gas equation, Avogadro number, ideal gas equation. Kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea), deviation from ideal behaviour, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature, Liquid State - Vapour pressure, viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no mathematical derivations).

Thermodynamics

Concepts of system, types of systems, surroundings, work, heat, energy, extensive and intensive properties, state functions. First law of thermodynamics - internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat, measurement of ΔU and ΔH, Hess’s law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of : bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionisation, solution and dilution. Introduction of entropy as a state function, Second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs energy change for spontaneous and non-spontaneous process, criteria for equilibrium. Third law of thermodynamics -Brief introduction

Equilibrium

Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of mass action, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium - Le Chatelier’s principle; ionic equilibrium - ionisation of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionisation, ionisation of polybasic acids, acid strength, concept of pH., Hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea), , buffer solutions, Henderson equation, solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative examples).

Redox Reactions

Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing redox reactions in terms of loss and gain of electrons and change in oxidation numbers , applications of redox reactions.

Hydrogen

Position of hydrogen in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, preparation, properties and uses of hydrogen; hydrides - ionic, covalent and interstitial; physical and chemical properties of water, heavy water; hydrogen peroxide-preparation, reactions, use and structure; hydrogen as a fuel.

s- Block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals)

Group 1 and Group 2 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, anomalous properties of the first element of each group, diagonal relationship, trends in the variation of properties (such as ionisation enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii), trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen, water, hydrogen and halogens; uses. Preparation and Properties of Some Important Compounds: Sodium carbonate, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and sodium hydrogen carbonate, biological importance of sodium and potassium. CaO, CaCO3 , and industrial use of lime and limestone, biological importance of Mg and Ca.

Some p-Block Elements

General Introduction to p-Block Elements Group 13 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous properties of first element of the group; Boronphysical and chemical properties, some important compounds: borax, boric acids, boron hydrides. Aluminium: uses, reactions with acids and alkalis. Group 14 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, variation of properties, oxidation states, trends in chemical reactivity, anomalous behaviour of first element. Carbon - catenation, allotropic forms, physical and chemical properties; uses of some important compounds: oxides. Important compounds of silicon and a few uses : silicon tetrachloride, silicones, silicates and zeolites, their uses.

Organic Chemistry - Some Basic Principles and Techniques

General introduction, methods of purification, qualitative and quantitative analysis, classification and IUPAC nomenclature of organic compounds. Electronic displacements in a covalent bond: inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation. Homolytic and heterolytic fission of a covalent bond: free radicals, carbocations, carbanions; electrophiles and nucleophiles, types of organic reactions.

Hydrocarbons

Classification of Hydrocarbons. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons: Alkanes - Nomenclature, isomerism, conformations (ethane only), physical properties, chemical reactions including free radical mechanism of halogenation, combustion and pyrolysis. Alkenes- Nomenclature, structure of double bond (ethene), geometrical isomerism, physical properties, methods of preparation; chemical reactions: addition of hydrogen, halogen, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov’s addition and peroxide effect), ozonolysis, oxidation, mechanism of electrophilic addition. Alkynes - Nomenclature, structure of triple bond (ethyne), physical properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions: acidic character of alkynes, addition reaction of - hydrogen, halogens, hydrogen halides and water. Aromatic hydrocarbons - Introduction, IUPAC nomenclature; Benzene: resonance, aromaticity ; chemical properties: mechanism of electrophilic substitution - nitration sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Crafts alkylation and acylation; directive influence of functional group in mono-substituted benzene; carcinogenicity and toxicity.

Environmental Chemistry

Environmental pollution - Air, water and soil pollution, chemical reactions in atmosphere, smogs, major atmospheric pollutants; acid rain, ozone and its reactions, effects of depletion of ozone layer, greenhouse effect and global warming - pollution due to industrial wastes; green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution, strategy for control of environmental pollution.

Sets and Functions

Sets and their representations. Empty set. Finite and Infinite sets. Equal sets. Subsets. Subsets of the set of real numbers, especially intervals (with notations). Power set. Universal set. Venn diagrams. Union and intersection of sets. Difference of sets. Complement of a set, Properties of Complement sets.

Relations and Functions: Ordered pairs, Cartesian product of sets. Number of elements in the Cartesian product of two finite sets. Cartesian product of the reals with itself (upto R × R × R). Definition of relation, pictorial diagrams, domain, co-domain and range of a relation. Function as a special kind of relation from one set to another. Pictorial representation of a function, domain, co-domain and range of a function. Real valued function of the real variable, domain and range of these functions, constant, identity, polynomial, rational, modulus, signum and greatest integer functions with their graphs. Sum, difference, product and quotients of functions.

Trigonometric Functions: Positive and negative angles. Measuring angles in radians and in degrees and conversion from one measure to another. Definition of trigonometric functions with the help of unit circle. Truth of the identity sin2 x + cos2 x = 1, for all x. Signs of trigonometric functions and sketches of their graphs. Expressing sin (x+ y) and cos (x + y) in terms of sin x, sin y, cos x and cos y

Algebra

Principle of Mathematical Induction, Complex Numbers and Quadratic Equations, Linear Inequalities, Permutations and Combinations, Binomial Theorem, Sequence and Series

Coordinate Geometry

Straight Lines, Conic Sections, Introduction to Three-dimensional Geometry

Calculus

Limits and Derivatives

Mathematical Reasoning

Mathematically acceptable statements. Connecting words/phrases - consolidating the understanding of “if and only if (necessary and sufficient) condition”, “implies”, “and/or”, “implied by”, “and”, “or”, “there exists” and their use through variety of examples related to real life and Mathematics. Validating the statements involving the connecting words - difference between contradiction, converse and contrapositive.

Statistics and Probability

Statistics, Probability