Manipur 12th Syllabus 2026 (Available): Download Manipur Board Class 12 Syllabus Here

PART – I: Macro Economics

Introduction

• Macroeconomics

• Some basic concepts of macroeconomics Business Cycle

• Aggregate Demand, Aggregate Supply, Consumption Goods, Capital Goods, Final Goods, Intermediate Goods, Stocks and Flows Gross Investment and Depreciation

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National Income and Related Aggregates: Basic Concepts and Measurement

• Product method, Expenditure method, Income method.

• Concepts and aggregates related to National Income: Gross National Product (GNP), Net National Product (NNP), etc.

• Personal Income and Personal Disposable Income; Real and Nominal GDP; GDP and Welfare.

• Simple Numerical Examples.

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Theory of Income and Employment: Basic Concepts and Determination of Income and Employment.

• Aggregate Demand, Aggregate Supply and their components.

• Consumption Function and Investment Function

• Propensity to Consume and Propensity to Save, Equilibrium Output, Types of Unemployment.

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Money and Banking

• Money – Meaning, Functions, and types.

• Supply of money

• Money and Credit Creation by Commercial banks.

• Central bank – Meaning and Functions.

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Monetary Policy, Fiscal Policy and Government Budget

• Monetary Policy – Meaning, types and tools.

• Fiscal Policy – Meaning, types and tools.

• Government budget

• Classification of expenditure – revenue expenditure and capital expenditure.

• Various measures of government deficit – revenue deficit, fiscal deficit, primary deficit; their meaning and implications.

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PART – II: Indian Economic Development

Introduction

• Parameters of Development

• Brief introduction of the state of the Indian economy on the eve of independence.

• Main features, problems and policies of Agriculture and Foreign Trade.

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Structural Changes in the Indian Economy After Liberalization

• Meaning, Need, Significance and Features of Liberalization, Globalization

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Current Challenges facing Indian Economy

• Poverty – absolute and relative; Main programmes for poverty alleviation: A critical assessment

• Rural development

• Human Capital Formation

• Growth of Education Sector in India.

• Informal Economy

• Sustainable Economic Growth: Meaning, Effects of Economic Development on Resources and Environment.

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Planning and Economic Development in India

• Objectives, Targets, Achievements and drawbacks of different Five Year Plans in India (A brief account).

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Economic Growth and Development

• Economic Growth and Development-Meaning and Difference

• Comparative study of

• India and China on the following indicators : (i) Unemployment, (ii) GDP growth, etc.

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Nature and Significance of Management

(a) Management – Concept, Objective, Importance.

(b) Management as Science, Art, Profession.

(c) Levels of Management.

(d) Management Functions – Planning, Organising, Staffing, Directing and Controlling.

(e) Coordination – Characteristics and Importance.

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Principles of Management

Principles of Management – Concept, Nature and Significance.

(b) Fayol’s Principles of Management.

(c) Taylor’s Scientific Management – Principles and Techniques.

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Business Environment

a) Business Environment – Concept, Importance.

(b) Dimensions of Business Environment – Economic, Social, Technological, Political and Legal.

(c) Concept of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization Business and Industry.

(d) Impact of Government Policy, Changes on Business and Industry with special reference to Liberalization, Privatization, Globalisation

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Planning

(a) Concept, Importance, Limitations.

(b) Planning Process.

(c) Types of plans – Objective, Strategy, Policy, Procedure, Method, Rule, Budget, Programme.

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Organising

(a) Concept and importance.

(b) Steps in the process of Organising.

(c) Structure of Organisation – Functional and Divisional.

(d) Formal and Informal Organisation.

(e) Delegation: Concept, Elements and Importance.

(f) Decentralization: Concept and Importance.

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Staffing

(a) Concept and Importance of staffing.

(b) Staffing as a part of Human Resource Management.

(c) Staffing Process: Recruitment – Meaning and Sources: Selection – Process

(d) Training and Development – Concept and Importance.

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Directing

(a) Concept and Importance.

(b) Elements of Directing

– Supervision – Concept, Functions of a Supervisor.
– Motivation – Concept, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.
– Financial and Non-Financial Incentives.
– Leadership – Concept, Qualities of a good leader.
– Communication – Concept, Formal and Informal Communication, Barriers to effective communication

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Controlling

(a) Concept and Importance.

(b) Relationship between Planning and Controlling.

(c) Steps in the process of Control.

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Financial Management

(a) Concept, Objective of financial management.

(b) Decisions relating to Investment, Financing and Dividend.

(c) Financial Planning: Concept and Importance

(d) Financial Structure – Concept and Factors affecting

(e) Fixed and Working capital – Concept and Factors affecting its requirements.

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Financial Markets

(a) Financial Markets: Concept and Types.

(b) Money market and its Instruments.

(c) Capital market and its types (Primary and Secondary).

(d) Stock Exchange – Functions, Trading Procedure (NSDL and CDSL).

(e) NSEI – Objectives.

(f) Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) – Objectives and Functions.

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Marketing Management

(a) Marketing – Meaning, Functions, Marketing v/s Selling.

(b) Marketing Management Philosophies.

(c) Marketing Mix – Concept.

• Product – Concept, Branding, Labeling and Packaging.

• Price – Factors determining price.

• Physical Distribution – Concept, Channels of distribution: Types, Choice

of channels.

• Promotion – Concept and Elements; Advertising – Concept, role,

Objections against Advertising, Personal selling – Concept and Qualities

of a good salesman, Sales Promotion – Concept and Techniques, Publicity –

Concept and Role.

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Consumer Protection

(a) Concept and Importance of Consumer Protection.

(b) Consumer Protection Act 1986.

– Meaning of Consumer and consumer protection.

– Rights and Responsibilities of consumers

– Who can file a complaint and against whom?

– Redressal Machinery.

– Remedies available.

(c) Consumer Awareness – Role of consumer organizations and NGOs.

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Project Work (to be conducted by the institution)