CBSE 12th Commerce Syllabus 2025-26: Download Subject-wise Syllabus PDF

Unit-I: Relations and Functions

1. Relations and Functions

Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive and equivalence relations. One-to-one and
onto functions.

2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Definition, range, domain, principal value branch. Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions.

Unit-II: Algebra

1. Matrices
Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices. Operations on matrices: Addition and multiplication and multiplication with a scalar. Simple properties of addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication. Non- commutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of nonzero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of order 2).

Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists; (Here all matrices will have real entries).

2. Determinants
Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3 matrices), minors, co-factors and applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix. Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by examples, solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix.

Unit-III: Calculus

1. Continuity and Differentiability

Continuity and differentiability, chain rule, derivative of composite functions, derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions like sin−1 𝑥, cos−1 𝑥 and tan−1 𝑥, derivative of implicit functions.

Concept of exponential and logarithmic functions. Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions. Logarithmic differentiation, the derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms. Second-order derivatives.

2. Applications of Derivatives

Applications of derivatives: rate of change of quantities, increasing/decreasing functions, maxima and minima (first derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative test given as a provable tool). Simple problems (that illustrate basic principles and understanding of the subject as well as real-life situations).

3. Integrals

Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of functions by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts, Evaluation of simple integrals of the following types and problems based on them.

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof). Definite integrals, Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals.

4. Application of the Integrals

Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, circles/ parabolas/ellipses (in standard form only)

5. Differential Equations

Definition, order and degree, general and particular solutions of a differential equation. Solution
of differential equations by method of separation of variables, solutions of homogeneous
differential equations of first order and first degree. Solutions of linear differential equation of the
type:

Unit-IV: Vectors and Three-dimensional Geometry

1. Vectors

Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction cosines and direction ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position vector of a point, negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio. Definition, Geometrical Interpretation, properties and application of scalar (dot) product of vectors, vector (cross) product of vectors.

2. Three-dimensional Geometry

Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian equation and vector equation of a line, skew lines, shortest distance between two lines. Angle between two lines.

Unit-V: Linear Programming Problem

1. Linear Programming

Introduction, related terminology such as constraints, objective function, optimization, graphical method of solution for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible regions (bounded or unbounded), feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints).

Unit-VI: Probability

1. Probability
Conditional probability, multiplication theorem on probability, independent events, total probability, Bayes’ theorem.

• Partnership: features, Partnership Deed.
• Provisions of the Indian Partnership Act 1932 in the absence of partnership deed.
• Fixed v/s fluctuating capital accounts. Preparation of Profit and Loss Appropriation account- division of profit among partners, guarantee of profits.
• Past adjustments (relating to interest on capital, interest on drawing, salary and profit sharing ratio).
• Goodwill: meaning, nature, factors affecting and methods of valuation - average profit, super profit and capitalization.

Note: Interest on partner's loan is to be treated as a charge against profits.

• Goodwill: meaning, factors affecting, need for valuation, methods for calculation (average profits,
  super profits and capitalization), adjusted through partners capital/ current account.

Accounting for Partnership firms - Reconstitution and Dissolution.

• Change in the Profit Sharing Ratio among the existing partners - sacrificing ratio, gaining ratio, accounting for the revaluation of assets and reassessment of liabilities and treatment of reserves, accumulated profits and losses. Preparation of revaluation account and balance sheet.
• Admission of a partner - effect of admission of a partner on change in the profit sharing ratio, treatment of goodwill (as per AS 26), treatment for revaluation of assets and reassessment of liabilities, treatment of reserves, accumulated profits and losses, adjustment of capital accounts and preparation of capital, current account and balance sheet.
• Retirement and death of a partner: effect of retirement / death of a partner on change in profit sharing ratio, treatment of goodwill (as per AS 26), treatment for revaluation of assets and reassessment of liabilities,
  adjustment of accumulated profits, losses and reserves, adjustment of capital accounts and preparation of capital, current account and balance sheet. Preparation of loan account of the retiring partner.
• Calculation of deceased partner’s share of profit till the date of death. Preparation of deceased partner’s capital account and his executor’s account.
• Dissolution of a partnership firm: meaning of dissolution of partnership and partnership firm, types of dissolution of a firm. Settlement of accounts - preparation of realization account, and other related accounts: capital accounts of partners and cash/bank a/c (excluding piecemeal distribution, sale to a company and insolvency of partner(s)).
• Note: (i) If the realized value of tangible assets is not given it should be considered as realized at book value itself. (ii) If the realized value of intangible assets is not given it should be considered as nil (zero value). (iii) In case, the realization expenses are borne by a partner, clear indication should be given regarding the payment thereof.

• Features and types of companies.
• Share and share capital: nature and types
• Accounting for share capital: issue and allotment of equity and preferences shares. Public subscription of shares - over subscription and under subscription of shares; issue at par and at premium, calls in advance and arrears (excluding interest), issue of shares for consideration other than cash.
• Concept of Private Placement and Employee stock Option Plan (ESOP), Sweat Equity.
• Accounting treatment of forfeiture and reissue of shares.
• Disclosure of share capital in the Balance Sheet of a company. Accounting for Debentures

Accounting for Debentures

• Meaning, types, Issue of debentures at par, at a premium and at a discount. Issue of debentures for consideration other than cash; Issue of debentures with terms of redemption; debentures as collateral security-concept, interest on debentures (concept of TDS is excluded). Writing off discount / loss on issue of debentures.

Meaning, Nature, Uses and importance of financial Statement.

Statement of Profit and Loss and Balance Sheet in prescribed form with major headings and sub headings (as per Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013)

• Financial Statement Analysis: Meaning, Significance Objectives, importance and limitations.

• Tools for Financial Statement Analysis: Comparative statements, common size statements, Ratio analysis, Cash flow analysis.

• Accounting Ratios: Meaning, Objectives, Advantages, classification and computation.

• Liquidity Ratios: Current ratio and Quick ratio.

• Solvency Ratios: Debt to Equity Ratio, Total Asset to Debt Ratio, Proprietary Ratio and Interest Coverage Ratio. Debt to Capital Employed Ratio.

• Activity Ratios: Inventory Turnover Ratio, Trade Receivables Turnover Ratio, Trade Payables Turnover Ratio, Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio, Net Asset Turnover Ratio and Working Capital Turnover Ratio.

• Profitability Ratios: Gross Profit Ratio, Operating Ratio, Operating Profit Ratio, Net Profit Ratio and Return on Investment.

• Meaning, objectives Benefits, Cash and Cash Equivalents, Classification of Activities and preparation (as per AS 3 (Revised) (Indirect Method only)

Part A: Principles and Functions of Management

Unit 1: Nature and Significance of Management 

• Management - concept, objectives, and importance 
• Management as Science, Art and Profession
• Levels of Management
• Management functions-planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling
• Coordination- concept and importance

Unit 2: Principles of Management

• Principles of Management - concept and significance
• Fayol’s principles of management
• Taylor’s Scientific management - principles and techniques

Unit 3: Business Environment 

• Business Environment- concept and importance
• Dimensions of Business Environment - Economic, Social, Technological, Political
  and Legal
• Demonetization - concept and features

Unit 4: Planning

• Planning: Concept, importance and limitation
• Planning process
• Single use and Standing Plans. Objectives, Strategy, Policy, Procedure, Method, Rule, Budget and Programme 

Unit 5: Organising 

• Organising: Concept and importance
• Organising Process
• Structure of organisation- functional and divisional concept.
  Formal and informal organization - concept
• Delegation: concept, elements and importance
• Decentralization: concept and importance 

Unit 6: Staffing 

• Staffing: Concept and importance of staffing
• Staffing as a part of Human Resource Management concept
• Staffing process 
• Recruitment process
• Selection – process
• Training and Development - Concept and importance, Methods of training - on the job and off the job - vestibule training, apprenticeship training and internship
  training

Unit 7: Directing 

• Directing: Concept and importance
• Elements of Directing 
• Motivation - concept, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Financial and non-financial
  incentives
• Leadership - concept, styles - authoritative, democratic and laissez faire
• Communication - concept, formal and informal communication; barriers to
  effective communication, how to overcome the barriers?

Unit 8: Controlling 

• Controlling - Concept and importance
• Relationship between planning and controlling
• Steps in process of control 

Part B: Business Finance & Marketing

Unit 9: Financial Management

• Financial Management: Concept, role and objectives 
• Financial decisions: investment, financing and dividend - Meaning and factors
  affecting
• Financial Planning - concept and importance
• Capital Structure – concept and factors affecting capital structure 
• Fixed and Working Capital - Concept and factors affecting their requirements

Unit 10: Financial Markets 

• Financial Markets: Concept
• Money Market: Concept
• Capital market and its types (primary and secondary) 
• Stock Exchange - Functions and trading procedure
• Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) - objectives and functions

Unit 11: Marketing 

• Marketing – Concept, functions and philosophies
• Marketing Mix – Concept and elements
• Product – branding, labelling and packaging – Concept
• Price - Concept, Factors determining price
• Physical Distribution – concept, components and channels of distribution
• Promotion – Concept and elements; Advertising, Personal Selling, Sales Promotion and Public Relations

Unit 12: Consumer Protection

• Consumer Protection: Concept and importance
• The Consumer Protection Act, 2019: Source:
  http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210422.pdf
  Meaning of consumer
  Rights and responsibilities of consumers
  Who can file a complaint?
  Redressal machinery
  Remedies available
• Consumer awareness - Role of consumer organizations and Non-Governmental
  Organizations (NGOs)

Unit I: Computational Thinking and Programming – 2

Unit II: Computer Networks 

● Evolution of networking: introduction to computer networks, evolution of networking (ARPANET, NSFNET, INTERNET)
● Data communication terminologies: the concept of communication, components of data communication (sender,receiver, message, communication media, protocols), measuring capacity of communication media (bandwidth, data transfer rate), IP address, switching techniques (Circuit switching, Packet switching)
● Transmission media: Wired communication media (Twisted pair cable, Co-axial cable, Fiber-optic cable), Wireless media (Radio waves, Micro waves, Infrared waves)
● Network devices (Modem, Ethernet card, RJ45, Repeater, Hub, Switch, Router, Gateway, WIFI card)
● Network topologies and Network types: types of networks (PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN), networking topologies (Bus, Star, Tree)
● Network protocol: HTTP, FTP, PPP, SMTP, TCP/IP, POP3, HTTPS, TELNET, VoIP
● Introduction to web services: WWW, Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), Extensible Markup Language (XML), domain names, URL, website, web browser, web servers, web hosting 

Unit III: Database Management

● Database concepts: introduction to database concepts and its need
● Relational data model: relation, attribute, tuple, domain, degree, cardinality, keys (candidate key, primary key, alternate key, foreign key)
● Structured Query Language: introduction, Data Definition Language and Data Manipulation Language, data type (char(n), varchar(n), int, float, date), constraints (not null, unique, primary key), create database, use database, show databases, drop database, show tables, create table, describe table, alter table (add and remove an attribute, add and remove primary key), drop table, insert, delete, select, operators (mathematical, relational and logical), aliasing, distinct clause, where clause, in, between, order by, meaning of null, is null, is not null, like, update command, delete command, aggregate functions (max, min, avg, sum, count), group by, having clause, joins: cartesian product on two tables, equi-join and natural join
● Interface of python with an SQL database: connecting SQL with Python, performing insert, update, delete queries using cursor, display data by using connect(), cursor(), execute(), commit(), fetchone(), fetchall(), rowcount, creating database connectivity applications, use of %s format specifier or format() to perform queries